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Cognitive Development of School-Age Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Survivors: A Single Center Study

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Abstract

Neurological and radiologic research results show an abnormal cerebral microstructure as well as abnormal neurodevelopment in patients treated for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the varying cognitive performance these children have developed in dependence upon prenatal diagnosis, surgical techniques, surgical learning effects, anatomy, perfusion techniques, gender, pedagogic, and sociodemographic parameters in comparison to age-adjusted normative values. School-age children (6.3–16.9 years) with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, who were treated at the Children’s heart Center Linz between 1997 and 2009, (n = 74), were surveyed in reference to cognitive achievements. 43 patients were examined prospectively by psychologists using the Wechsler intelligence scale for children IV in order to determine the respective total intelligence quotient index for each child’s developmental stage. The mean index was 84.5 (percentile rank 26.4). The statistical spread and standard deviation ranged from a minimum of 40 to a maximum of 134 ± 20.8. The results for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, and processing speed corresponded with total index results and were thus lower than the mean value of the normative values. The assessment of working memory showed results in the average. Prenatal diagnosis, type of lung perfusion, anatomy, and various cerebral perfusion techniques did not significantly affect the cognitive results of the patients. The results show that hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients can be successfully tutored formally as well as personally in cognitive areas, although when compared to healthy children, they showed lower results for intellectual area parameters.

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Abbreviations

WISC:

Wechsler intelligence scale for children

PRI:

Perceptual reasoning index

PSI:

Processing speed index

VCI:

Verbal comprehension index

WMI:

Working memory index

IQ-Index:

Intelligence quotient index

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

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Acknowledgements

Judith Hansen (translation), Christoph Weber (statistical support), Alice Ginzinger and Juergen Lauthner (technical support).

Funding

This research received no specific Grant from any funding agency, commercial or non-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Children’s Heart Center Linz, Kepler University Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 26, 4020, Linz, Austria

    Raphael D. Oberhuber, Sonja Huemer, Rudolf Mair, Eva Sames-Dolzer, Michaela Kreuzer & Gerald Tulzer

  2. Department of Inclusive Education, University of Education Upper Austria, Kaplanhofstrasse 40, 4020, Linz, Austria

    Raphael D. Oberhuber & Sonja Huemer

Authors
  1. Raphael D. Oberhuber
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  2. Sonja Huemer
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  3. Rudolf Mair
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  4. Eva Sames-Dolzer
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  5. Michaela Kreuzer
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  6. Gerald Tulzer
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Correspondence to Raphael D. Oberhuber.

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All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The authors hereby state that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national guidelines—IRB (ID-number J16-01), ethical review committee—and have been approved by the institutional committee.

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Oberhuber, R.D., Huemer, S., Mair, R. et al. Cognitive Development of School-Age Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Survivors: A Single Center Study. Pediatr Cardiol 38, 1089–1096 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-017-1623-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-017-1623-8

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