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Effects of Atrazine and Chlorpyrifos on Autophagy-Related Genes in the Brain of Common Carp: Health-Risk Assessments

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Abstract

This study assessed the impacts of atrazine (ATR), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and a combined ATR/CPF exposure on the brain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The carp were sampled after a 40-days exposure to CPF and ATR, individually or in combination, followed by a 40-days recovery period to measure autophagy and antioxidant activity. The results indicate that the anti-superoxide anion and anti-hydroxy radical activities decreased upon exposure to ATR, CPF, and the ATR/CPF combination but increased after a subsequent 40-days recovery period. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that the mRNA and protein levels of LC3B and dynein in common carp decreased significantly after exposure to ATR and CPF alone or in combination. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of beclin1 gene decreased significantly only in the 116 and 11.3 μg/L treatment groups. However, the mRNA and protein levels of all tested genes increased significantly after a 40-days recovery. Transmission electron microscope demonstrated the occurrence of autolysosomes in the recovery groups but not in the exposure groups. These results suggest that exposure to ATR, CPF, or their combination promotes oxidative stress and autophagic responses in the brain of common carp.

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Abbreviations

LC3:

Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3

ATR:

Atrazine

CPF:

Chlorpyrifos

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Acknowledgments

The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GN 2572014EA07) and the Foundation of the Postdoctoral Research from Heilongjiang Province (Project No. LBH-Q14146) supported the study. The authors thank the members of the Veterinary Internal Medicine Laboratory in the College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University for their help collecting the brain tissue samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People’s Republic of China

    Hou-Juan Xing, Liang-Liang Wang, Hai-Dong Yao & Shi-Wen Xu

  2. Animal Health Supervision Institute of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, People’s Republic of China

    Hou-Juan Xing

  3. Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People’s Republic of China

    Xiao-long Wang

  4. College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People’s Republic of China

    Xiao-long Wang

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  1. Hou-Juan Xing
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  2. Liang-Liang Wang
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Correspondence to Xiao-long Wang or Shi-Wen Xu.

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Xing, HJ., Wang, LL., Yao, HD. et al. Effects of Atrazine and Chlorpyrifos on Autophagy-Related Genes in the Brain of Common Carp: Health-Risk Assessments. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 70, 301–310 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0246-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0246-4

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