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Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Settled House Dust From Urban Dwellings With Resident Preschool-Aged Children in Nanjing, China

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Abstract

We investigated the levels and possible determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the settled house-dust (SHD) of urban dwellings with resident preschool-aged children in Nanjing, China. The possible neurodevelopmental effects of house-dust PBDEs were also explored. SHD was collected from 216 urban houses. Levels of 8 PBDEs were measured by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The Child Behavior Checklist and the Gesell Development Inventory were used to evaluate the child’s development. BDE47, BDE99, BDE153, BDE18, and BDE209 were detected in the SHD of >90 % of houses, of which BDE209 predominated. Most PBDEs were found at significantly greater levels in indoor than in outdoor dust (P < 0.05). Levels of BDE28 and BDE154 in houses with solid-wood floors were significantly greater than those in houses with plywood floors (P < 0.05). BDE154 levels in houses with wallpaper were significantly greater than those without wallpaper (P < 0.05). Greater BDE47 concentrations were found in houses with less natural ventilation time (linear trend P < 0.05). After dichotomization at the geometric mean concentration, BDE209 and total BDEs showed significant risks for depressed behavior problems and lower personal social developmental quotients (DQs); BDE99 and BDE153 indicated a risk for lower personal social DQs. In conclusion, PBDEs (especially BDE209) are ubiquitous in urban SHD in Nanjing residences. Natural ventilation and floor materials potentially influence PBDE levels in SHD. The potential adverse effect of postnatal exposure to PBDEs on the behavior and neurodevelopment of preschool-age children requires follow-up in larger studies.

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Acknowledgments

We thank all of the patients and their families who participated in this study. We thank the following undergraduate students for their valuable assistance in collecting data: Mao Liu, Yuan Cun, Xue Yang, Yue-Jiao Chen, and Shan–Shan Chen. This study was partly supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81072268, 81372955), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK2010535), Jiangsu Postdoctoral Research Funds (No. 1001017C), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Rd, Qingdao, 266033, China

    Bing-Ling Wang & Shu-tao Pang

  2. Department of Hygiene Analysis and Detection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China

    Xiao-ling Zhang & Xiao-mei Lu

  3. Institute of Child Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China

    Xi-ling Li

  4. Department of Child Health Care, Maternity and Child Care Center of Gulou District of Nanjing, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Yong-gang Sun

  5. Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 Tianyuan East Rd, Nanjing, 211166, China

    Qi Zhang

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  1. Bing-Ling Wang
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Bing-Ling Wang, Shu-tao Pang and Xiao-ling Zhang have contributed equally to this study and they should be regarded as joint first authors.

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Wang, BL., Pang, St., Zhang, Xl. et al. Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Settled House Dust From Urban Dwellings With Resident Preschool-Aged Children in Nanjing, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 68, 9–19 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-0065-z

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