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Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for pediatric patients with upper urinary stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of the percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in surgical treatment of pediatric patients with upper urinary stones based on the published literature. A comprehensive literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library and CNKI was conducted to identify studies comparing outcomes of PCNL and RIRS for treating pediatric patients with upper urinary stones before May 2017. A total of 11 studies, including one randomized controlled trial, four retrospective case–control studies and six case series studies, containing 822 children with upper urinary stones were included in this systematic review. Five of 11 including studies, containing 474 children with upper urinary stones were included in a meta-analysis. Significantly shorter hospital stay and fluoroscopy time were needed by RIRS than PCNL (WMD: 1.44 days, 95% CI 0.85, 2.04; p < 0.00001) and (WMD: 72.72 s, 95% CI 52.13, 93.31; p < 0.00001). The overall complications were higher for PCNL compared with RIRS (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.02, 2.84; p = 0.04). However, the minor (Clavien I or II) and major (Clavien III–V) complications rates in the PCNL group were higher compared with RIRS group but the differences were not statistically significant, respectively (p > 0.05). RIRS also benefits from significantly less need for blood transfusion (OR 9.09, 95% CI 1.66, 49.78; p = 0.01). No significant differences were found in initial, final stone-free rate, and operative times (p > 0.05). Our analysis suggested that RIRS turns out to be a safe and feasible procedure alternative to PCNL for children with upper urinary stones in selected cases. Because of the inherent limitations of the included studies, further large sample, prospective, multi-centric and randomized control trials should be undertaken to confirm our findings.

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Abbreviations

PCNL:

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

RIRS:

Retrograde intrarenal surgery

SWL:

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Miniperc:

Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Microperc:

Micro-percutaneous nephrolithotomy

SMP:

Super-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy

WMD:

Weighted mean difference

OR:

Odds ratio

CIs:

95% confidence intervals

LOE:

Level of evidence

RCT:

Randomized controlled trial

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Author notes

  1. Yiwen Chen and Tuo Deng equally contributed.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China

    Yiwen Chen, Tuo Deng, Xiaolu Duan, Wei Zhu & Guohua Zeng

  2. Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China

    Yiwen Chen, Tuo Deng, Xiaolu Duan, Wei Zhu & Guohua Zeng

  3. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China

    Yiwen Chen, Tuo Deng, Xiaolu Duan, Wei Zhu & Guohua Zeng

Authors
  1. Yiwen Chen
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  2. Tuo Deng
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  4. Wei Zhu
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Correspondence to Guohua Zeng.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Chen, Y., Deng, T., Duan, X. et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for pediatric patients with upper urinary stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urolithiasis 47, 189–199 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-018-1039-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-018-1039-9

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