Abstract
Implant-associated breast cancer is a well-described pathologic process that occurs in patients with breast implants. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), the most prominent malignancy associated with breast implants, has been extensively described, while literature regarding non-ALCL implant-associated cancers is limited. Here, we present a rare case of a 55-year-old female with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the breast and chest following multiple breast revision surgeries who underwent tumor resection with a unique soft tissue reconstruction utilizing two anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps in a flow-through manner.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Noels EC, Lapid O, Lindeman JHN, Bastiaannet E (2015) Breast implants and the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Aesthet Surg J 35:55–62
de Boer M, van Leeuwen FE, Hauptmann M, Overbeek LIH, de Boer JP, Hijmering NJ, Sernee A, Klazen CAH, Lobbes MBI, van der Hulst RRWJ, Rakhorst HA, de Jong D (2018) Breast implants and the risk of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in the breast. JAMA Oncol 4:335–341
Doren EL, Miranda RN, Selber JC, Garvey PB, Liu J, Medeiros LJ, Butler CE, Clemens MW (2017) U.S. epidemiology of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 139:1042–1050
Paletta C, Paletta FX, Paletta FX (1992) Squamous cell carcinoma following breast augmentation. Ann Plast Surg 29:425–429 discussion 429-432
Kitchen SB, Bauer WC, Paletta CE, Shehadi SI (1994) Epithelialization of the lining of a breast implant capsule. Possible origin of squamous cell carcinoma associated with a breast implant capsule. Cancer 73:1449–1452
Satgunaseelan L, Cheung D, Reddy J (2015) Breast implant-associated squamous cell carcinoma – a rare long term complication. Pathology 47:S72–S73
Zomerlei TA, Samarghandi A, Terando AM (2015) Primary squamous cell carcinoma arising from a breast implant capsule. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 3:e586. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000000567
Olsen DL, Keeney GL, Chen B, Visscher DW, Carter JM (2017) Breast implant capsule–associated squamous cell carcinoma: a report of 2 cases. Hum Pathol 67:94–100
Buchanan PJ, Chopra VK, Walker KL et al (2018) Primary squamous cell carcinoma arising from a breast implant capsule: a case report and review of the literature. Aesthet Surg J 38. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy092
Zhou YM, Chaudhry HE, Shah A, Andrews J (2018) Breast squamous cell carcinoma following breast augmentation. Cureus 10(10):e3405. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3405
Seyhan H, Kopp J, Beier JP, Vogel M, Akkermann O, Kneser U, Schwartz S, Hartmann A, Horch RE (2011) Smooth and textured silicone surfaces of modified gel mammary prostheses cause a different impact on fibroproliferative properties of dermal fibroblasts. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 64:e60–e66
Bizjak M, Selmi C, Praprotnik S, Bruck O, Perricone C, Ehrenfeld M, Shoenfeld Y (2015) Silicone implants and lymphoma: the role of inflammation. J Autoimmun 65:64–73
Kim B, Predmore ZS, Mattke S, van Busum K, Gidengil CA (2015) Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: updated results from a structured expert consultation process. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 3:e296
Bui JM, Perry T, Ren CD, Nofrey B, Teitelbaum S, van Epps DE (2015) Histological characterization of human breast implant capsules. Aesthet Plast Surg 39:306–315
Philip J (1982) Squamous cell carcinoma arising at the site of an underlying bullet. J R Coll Surg Edinb 27:365–366
Siddons AH (1962) Cell type in the choice of cases of carcinoma of the bronchus for surgery. Thorax 17:308–309
Geers J, Wildiers H, Calster KV et al (2018) Oncological safety of autologous breast reconstruction after mastectomy for invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 18:994
Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ (2006) Breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: history and an update on current technique. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59:571–579
Tan PWW, Wong C-H, Koong H-N, Tan B-K (2010) Chest wall reconstruction using a combined musculocutaneous anterolateral–anteromedial thigh flap. Indian J Plast Surg 43:88–91
Baek SM (1983) Two new cutaneous free flaps: the medial and lateral thigh flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 71:354–365
Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL (1984) The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg 37:149–159
Koshima I, Kawada S, Etoh H, Kawamura S, Moriguchi T, Sonoh H (1995) Flow-through anterior thigh flaps for one-stage reconstruction of soft-tissue defects and revascularization of ischemic extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg 95:252–260
Wong C-H, Wei F-C, Fu B, Chen YA, Lin JY (2009) Alternative vascular pedicle of the anterolateral thigh flap: the oblique branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:571–577
Ao M, Uno K, Maeta M, Nakagawa F, Saito R, Nagase Y (1999) De-epithelialised anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flaps for dead space filling and contour correction in head and neck reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 52:261–267
Wells MD, Luce EA, Edwards AL, Vasconez HC, Sadove RC, Bouzaglou S (1994) Sequentially linked free flaps in head and neck reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 21:59–67
Tang L, Pafitanis G, Yang P, Li Z, Jia M, Koshima I, Song D, Chi Z (2017) Combined multi-lobed flaps: a series of 39 extensive hand and multi-digit injuries one-staged reconstructions using modified designs of ALT, DPA and chimeric linking flaps. Injury 48:1527–1535
Aggarwal A, Singh H, Mahendru S, Brajesh V, Singh S, Krishnan S, Khazanchi RK (2016) A case series of flow-through free anterolateral thigh flap to augment the vascularity of ischaemic limbs with soft tissue defect. Indian J Plast Surg 49:35–41
Henn D, Abouarab MH, Hirche C, Hernekamp JF, Schmidt VJ, Kneser U, Kremer T (2017) Sequential chimeric medial femoral condyle and anterolateral thigh flow-through flaps for one-stage reconstructions of composite bone and soft tissue defects: report of three cases. Microsurgery 37:824–830
Kim DY, Lee J, Kim JT, Chang HK, Moon SH (2017) Reconstruction of a large full-thickness abdominal wall defect with flow-through-based alt flaps: a case report. Microsurgery. 39:85–90
Gazyakan E, Engel H, Lehnhardt M, Pelzer M (2012) Bilateral double free-flaps for reconstruction of extensive chest wall defect. Ann Thorac Surg 93:1289–1291
Rosenberg JJ, Chandawarkar R, Ross MI, Chevray PM (2004) Bilateral anterolateral thigh flaps for large-volume breast reconstruction. Microsurgery 24:281–284
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
There were no sources of funding for this study.
Patient consent
Patients provided written consent for the use of their images.
Conflict of interest
Pedram Goel, Dan Gould, Anthony Kim, Julie Lang, Ketan Patel, and Joseph Carey declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Formal ethics committee approval is not required for this type of study.
Informed consent
Informed consent is not applicable as no identifying photographs or information have been included.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goel, P., Gould, D.J., Kim, A.W. et al. Squamous cell carcinoma following multiple revision breast surgeries with massive chest wall reconstruction via flow-through double ALT free flaps. Eur J Plast Surg 42, 517–522 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00238-019-01525-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00238-019-01525-x