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Thermal analysis of hot air drying of chicken manure pellets in a modified portable horizontal rotary dryer

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the heat and mass transfer occurring during the drying process of chicken manure pellets in a modified portable horizontal rotary dryer, where hot air was employed as a heat source. The modified rotary dryer consisted of a drying pipe (1 m × 0.3 m i.d., thickness 3 mm) responsible for heat exchange and a 1/2-hp electric motor installed for power transmission through the pipe. Chicken manure pellets with an average diameter of 3–5 mm were utilized for the drying process with a feeding rate set at 10 kg/h. In the experiment, the hot air flow rate was kept constant at 0.25 kg/min with the inclination angle of the pipe set at 1º, drying temperatures at 30–85 ºC, and rotation speeds at 10–20 rpm. The results showed that the optimal drying condition was achieved at a temperature range of 70–85 ºC and the rotation speed at 10 rpm, which resulted in the heat load of 4.2 kW in the system corresponding to the heat of 2.87 kW used for the drying process. The drying rate was obtained at 4.85 kgwater/h and thermal efficiency at 68.43%, which could reduce the moisture of the manure pellets from 50%db to 18.55%db within 30–40 min. As with multiple regression analysis, there was a significant correlation between drying rate and manure moisture, moisture ratio, drying heat, and thermal efficiency, with the R2 values of 0.95, 0.97, 0.98, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively.

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Abbreviations

C pa :

Value of heat capacity of air (kJ/kg K)

C ps :

Value of heat capacity of solids = 1.02 kJ/kg K

L :

Value of latent heat of water evaporation = 2260 kJ/kg

m :

Flow rate of solids (kg/s)

m e :

Flow rate of flue gas at output point (kg/s)

M 0 :

Initial moisture content (kgwater/kgdry matter)

M e :

Equilibrium moisture content (kgwater/kgdry matter)

M eq :

Solid equilibrium moisture content (kgwater/kgdry matter)

M t :

Moisture content at time t (kgwater/kgdry matter)

MC :

Moisture content (kgwater/kgdry matter)

M in :

Initial solid mass (kg)

M out :

Final solid mass (kg)

MR :

Moisture ratio

MR exp,i :

Experimental moisture ratio for the ith observation

MR pre,i :

Predicted moisture ratio for the ith observation

MR pre,avg :

Predicted average moisture ratio

n :

Number of constants

N :

Number of observations

q d :

Amount of heat used in evaporating water from solids (latent heat) (kJ/s)

q l :

Amount of heat loss to the environment (amount of heat loss from cylinder) (kJ/s)

q s :

Amount of heat used in increasing solid temperature during drying process (kJ/s)

Q :

Amount of heat given to dryer (kJ/s)

Q′ :

Amount of heat transferred in dryer (kJ/s)

Q″ :

Amount of heat discharged after drying (kJ/s)

RH :

Relative air humidity

R w :

Drying rate (kg water/ h)

t :

Residence or drying time (s in Eq. (2), h in Eq. (5))

T 1 :

Initial temperature of flue gas (ºC)

T 2 :

Final temperature of flue gas (ºC)

T A :

Position A temperature of flue gas (ºC)

T B :

Position B temperature of flue gas (ºC)

T f :

Drying temperature (ºC)

T m1 :

Initial temperature of solid (ºC)

T m2 :

Final temperature of solid (ºC)

T sA :

Position A temperature of solid (ºC)

T sB :

Position B temperature of solid (ºC)

T s :

Solid temperature (ºC)

T sen :

Boiling temperature of water = 100 ºC

X i :

Experimental number

μ:

Mathematical average

u:

Uncertainty

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Department of Industrial Piping Technology, Faculty of Technical Education, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khon Kaen Campus for laboratory facilities.

Funding

This work was supported by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) through the Science, Research, and Innovation Promotion Fund (grant number FRB640019 / KKN /02).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Industrial Piping Technology, Faculty of Technical Education, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen, 40000, Thailand

    Krissada Namwong & Phitsanupong Punnarapong

  2. Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering Program, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand

    Witaya Pimda

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  1. Krissada Namwong
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Correspondence to Krissada Namwong.

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Namwong, K., Punnarapong, P. & Pimda, W. Thermal analysis of hot air drying of chicken manure pellets in a modified portable horizontal rotary dryer. Heat Mass Transfer 58, 1997–2007 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-022-03225-y

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