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Theoretical thermal analysis of heat recovery by two phase closed Thermosyphon from engine exhaust

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Abstract

Due to the increase in energy requirements for various process industries and depletion of fossil fuel reservoirs, it is necessary to recover the heat energy which is exhausted to the environment from different sources. Effective utilization and recovery of waste heat is of great importance for the preservation of energy sources and protection of an environment and health hazards. For many industrial practices because of high effectiveness the application of Thermosyphon is increasing for the recovery of waste heat. The focus of the present study is to investigate theoretically the performance parameters (thermal and geometrical) of the Single tube wickless heat pipe heat exchanger (Thermosyphon) for heat recovery at simulated diesel engine exhaust conditions (Air temperature of ~150, 250 and 350 °C and under forced convective heating and cooling at different Reynolds number). From the theoretical analysis it was observed that effectiveness of Thermosyphon was over 50% for each of the conditions and it was increased up to 88% with decreasing inlet hot air velocity down to 1 m/s at temperature of 350 °C. It was also observed that at equal heat capacity rate of hot and cold fluids the effectiveness is minimum.

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Abbreviations

Acso :

Outer surface area of condenser (m2)

Acsi :

Inner surface area of condenser (m2)

Aeso :

Outer surface area of Evaporator (m2)

Aesi :

Inner surface area of Evaporator (m2)

Cc :

Heat capacity of cold air ((kJ/ K)

Ch :

Heat capacity of hot gas ((kJ/ K)

Cp :

Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K)

Cpg or Cpe :

Specific heat of gas (kJ/kg K)

Cpc :

Specific heat of cold air (kJ/kg K)

D:

Cylinder Bore Diameter (m)

do :

Outer diameter of heat pipe (m)

di :

Inner diameter of heat pipe (m)

dt :

Tube diameter (m)

Dseo :

Outer diameter of Evaporator Shell (m)

Dsei :

Inner diameter of Evaporator Shell (m)

Dsco :

Outer diameter of condenser Shell (m)

Dsci :

Inner diameter of condenser Shell (m)

Doc :

Outer diameter of insulation on condenser (m)

Dh :

Hydraulic diameter (m)

Dmax :

Maximum diameter of heat pipe (m)

DE:

Diesel engine

h:

heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

hei :

Convective heat transfer coefficient inside the evaporator (W/m2K)

heo :

Convective heat transfer coefficient outside the evaporator (W/m2K)

hf :

Heating value

hci :

Convective heat transfer coefficient inside the condenser(W/m2K)

hco :

Convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

h∞ :

Convective heat transfer coefficient of atmosphere (W/m2s)

\( \overline{h} \) :

Average heat transfer coefficient(W/m2K)

HP:

Horse power

HPHE:

Heat pipe heat exchanger

ID:

Internal diameter (m)

kcu :

Thermal conductivity of copper (W/mK)

kg :

Thermal conductivity of the gas(W/mK)

Ks :

Thermal Conductivity of steel (w/mk)

Lc :

Length of condenser (m)

Le :

Length of evaporator (m)

Lt :

Total length of Thermosyphon (m)

L:

Stroke length (m)

lpm:

Liters per minute

ṁ:

Mass flow rate (kg/s)

ṁca :

Mass flow rate of air (condenser) (kg/s)

ṁe :

Mass flow rate (evaporator) (kg/s)

ṁg :

Available Mass flow rate of gas ((kg/s)

ṁs :

Mass flow rate of gas supplied ((kg/s)

N or ne :

Revolution per minute (rpm)

NTU:

Number of transfer unit

Nu:

Nusselt number

p:

Perimeter of a pipe (m)

pi :

Pressure in the cylinder(N/m2)

Pr:

Prandtl number

Pve :

Vapour pressure in evaporator section (bar)

Qavailable :

Heat available to heat pipe (W)

Qe :

Inner power of the engine(W)

Qf :

Power due to injected fuel(W)

Qht :

Change in energy due to heat losses(W)

Qsupplied :

Heat supplied to heat pipe (W)

QRemoved :

Heat removed to heat pipe (W)

Re:

Reynolds number

Reg :

Gas Reynolds number

S :

Allowable stress (N/m2)

Ta or Tim :

Ambient air Temperature (°C)

Tem :

Exhaust Manifold temperature of the Gas (K)

Tcso :

Outer surface Temperature of Condenser (°C)

Tcsi :

Inner surface Temperature of Condenser °C)

Tco :

Temperature of Condenser outlet (°C)

Tci :

Temperature of Condenser at inlet (°C)

Tv :

Vapour temperature(°C)

Teo :

Temperature of evaporator inlet (°C)

Tei :

Temperature of evaporator at outlet (°C)

Teso :

Outer surface Temperature of evaporator (°C)

Tesi :

Inner surface Temperature of evaporator (°C)

Tcso :

Outer surface Temperature of Condenser (°C)

Tcsi :

Inner surface Temperature of Condenser (°C)

Tco :

Cylinder outlet temperature

Tgi :

Gas inlet temperature (°C)

Tgo :

Gas outlet temperature (°C)

Tm :

Gas mean temperature(°C)

Tme :

Mean temperature of gas across the evaporator (K)

Tmc :

Mean temperature of gas across the condenser (K)

tmin :

Minimum thickness of Thermosyphon (m)

Tsat :

Saturation Temperature (K)

Tso :

Surface Outside Temperature (K)

Tins :

Insulation Temperature (K)

Tw :

Wall surface temperature(°C)

uf :

Injected Quantity of Fuel (kg/s/cycle)

Vact :

Actual swept volume (m3/s)

Vd :

Displaced volume(m3/s)

Vth :

theoretical swept volume (m3/s)

Wf :

Total Fuel supplied (kg/s)

Wg:

Gas mass velocity (kg/m2 s)

Wco :

Gas mass flow rate (kg/s)

ρg :

Density of hot gas (kg/m3)

μg :

Viscosity of hot gas (Ns/m2)

ɛt :

Overall effectiveness

ɛC :

Effectiveness of Condenser section

ɛe :

Effectiveness of Evaporator section

ɛ:

Effectiveness

ɛ-NTU:

Effectiveness-Number of transfer units

η :

Efficiency

ηvol :

Volumetric efficiency

ϒv :

Ratio of specific heat for vapour

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Vidyavihar, Mumbai, 400077, India

    Yogita Umesh Yerne & Siddappa Sharanappa Bhusnoor

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  1. Yogita Umesh Yerne
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  2. Siddappa Sharanappa Bhusnoor
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Correspondence to Siddappa Sharanappa Bhusnoor.

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Yerne, Y.U., Bhusnoor, S.S. Theoretical thermal analysis of heat recovery by two phase closed Thermosyphon from engine exhaust. Heat Mass Transfer 55, 3211–3221 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02641-x

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