Abstract
The functioning of Mediterranean coastal waters is deeply affected not only by global environmental changes (e.g., global warming, climate change) but also by improvements in sewage treatment as required by the European Water Framework Directive. These changes affect nutrient concentrations and cycling, and primary production. The present paper presents the time series analysis (2005–2020) of stable isotope ratios (hereafter δ13C and δ15N), elemental (C and N), and biochemical compositions (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) within the 300–500 µm zooplankton size fraction from bimonthly monitoring samples (0–55 m) collected in the Bay of Marseille (NW-Mediterranean Sea). The zooplankton seasonality was mostly related with the dynamic of proxies of phytoplankton biomass and nutrients in the system. In spring, protein content and energy increased and δ15N of zooplankton decreased; in late spring, lipid and carbohydrate content peaked; and in late summer, δ13C increased. At the interannual scale, major changes in the zooplankton biochemical and isotopic composition have occurred since 2009. Lipid content decreased while protein and stable isotope ratios increased. These shifts were concomitant with changes in the nutrient concentrations, nutrient stoichiometry, and particulate organic matter concentrations. The changes in biochemical composition led to an increase of energy content from 2011, but the total quantity of energy available to higher trophic positions remained stable because of a reduction in biomass. The variations of the zooplankton stable isotopes and biochemical compositions can be indicative of changes in individual biochemistry (energy allocation) and/or in the zooplankton community (changes in relative abundance of lipid-rich vs protein-rich species).
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study should be available shortly from a doi data repository soon to be published by the authors.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the contribution of all participants in the Bay of Marseille SOMLIT monitoring program and the crew of the R.V. Antedon II. We thank P. Raimbault, N. Garcia, and M. Lafont for making available the physical and biogeochemical data. We would like to thank all past PhD and MSc students for their contribution to the sampling effort of the zooplankton time series linked with the on-going SOMLIT monitoring program initiated by FC in 2002. This work contributes to the valorization of observational time series strategy and to the understanding of pelagic ecosystem functioning developed respectively by the national research organization ILICO and by previous research in the frame of the CNRS-INSU MISTRALS MERMEX program (subprograms IPP and MERITE). The biochemical and isotopic treatments have been supported by the INSU/EC2CO project ZOO-INDEX (Call 2021; PI D. Bănaru & F. Carlotti) from the French National program CNRS-INSU-EC2CO (Ecosphère Continentale et Côtière). Thanks are also addressed to Michael Paul for English proofreading.
Funding
The present project is supported by funding from Région Sud and the Parc National des Calanques in the form of a PhD grant to T. Garcia, and by the Comité Régional des Pêches Maritimes et des Elevages Marins PACA. The present work is supported by funding of the project ZOO-INDEX (Call 2021; PI D. Bănaru & F. Carlotti) from the French National program CNRS-INSU-EC2CO (Ecosphère Continentale et Côtière). D. Bănaru benefited from leave within the ANR CONTAMPUMP project (no ANR-19-ce34-0001).
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Conception and design of the study: Théo Garcia, François Carlotti, Daniela Bănaru. Acquisition of data: Gilles Lepoint, Loïc Guilloux, Baptiste Grassi, Victor Russias, François Carlotti, Daniela Bănaru. Analysis of data: Théo Garcia. Drafting of the manuscript: Théo Garcia, François Carlotti, Daniela Bănaru. Revising/ editing of the manuscript: all authors. Project administration and funding acquisition: François Carlotti, Daniela Bănaru.
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Garcia, T., Carlotti, F., Lepoint, G. et al. The decadal variability of elemental, isotopic, and biochemical compositions of coastal Mediterranean zooplankton responds to environmental changes. Mar Biol 171, 119 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-024-04430-5
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Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-024-04430-5