Abstract
In red-tide dynamics, one species often predominates microalgal communities after severe competition among several species. In Korean waters, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Tripos fusus, Alexandrium fraterculus, and Margalefidinium polykrikoides form red tides, which sometimes cause massive fish kills and economic losses. When two of these species were cultivated together, M. polykrikoides inhibited the growth of A. fraterculus, P. donghaiense, and T. fusus at a M. polykrikoides abundance of 610, 2230, and 410 cells mL−1, respectively. Alexandrium fraterculus inhibited the growth of P. donghaiense and T. fusus at a A. fraterculus abundance of 840 and 10 cells mL−1, respectively. Prorocentrum donghaiense inhibited the growth of T. fusus at a P. donghaiense abundance of 2020 cells mL−1. Our field data on the abundance of these species in 2014 show that the abundances of A. fraterculus, P. donghaiense, and T. fusus were less than 10 cells mL−1 when that of M. polykrikoides exceeded 500 cells mL−1. Therefore, the red-tide formation of one of these four species can be affected by the high abundance of the others, which is an example of density-dependent inhibition.
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Data collected and analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to all the scientists who conducted the intensive field observation on red-tide outbreaks in Korean waters in 2014. We also thank editors and reviewers for their valuable comments.
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This research was supported by the National Research Foundation funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2022R1A6A3A01086348) award to JHO and the National Research Foundation by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2021M3I6A1091272; NRF-2021R1A2C1093379) and Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion (KIMST) by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (20230018) award to HJJ.
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JHO, HJJ, and KHL designed the study conception. JHO and HJJ drafted the manuscript. JHO, HJJ, KHL, HCK, JHY, SAP, SHE, and KAS conducted field observation and laboratory experiments. JHO and HJJ conducted data analyses.
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227_2023_4319_MOESM1_ESM.tif
Supplementary file1 Fig. S1 Cell abundance of each red-tide dinoflagellate as a function of elapsed time under unialgal (closed blue or light blue square) and bialgal conditions (closed or open red circle) and NO3 and PO4 concentrations under bialgal conditions in Experiments 1–3. Vertical dotted lines in (c), (h), and (m) indicate the day when the abundances of Alexandrium fraterculus (c), Prorocentrum donghaiense (h), and Tripos fusus (m) under bialgal conditions increased but decreased after. Symbols represent mean ± standard error (TIF 10530 KB)
227_2023_4319_MOESM2_ESM.tif
Supplementary file2 Fig. S2 Cell abundance of each red-tide dinoflagellate as a function of elapsed time under unialgal (closed blue or light blue square) and bialgal conditions (closed or open red circle) and NO3 and PO4 concentrations under bialgal conditions in Experiments 4–6. Vertical dotted lines in (c), (h), and (m) indicate the day when the abundances of Prorocentrum donghaiense (c) and Tripos fusus (h, m) under bialgal conditions increased but decreased after. Symbols represent mean ± standard error (TIF 10536 KB)
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Ok, J.H., Jeong, H.J., Lee, K.H. et al. Density-dependent inhibition among four major dinoflagellate species causing red tides in Korean waters. Mar Biol 170, 170 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04319-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04319-9