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Planula settlement and polyp morphogenesis in two bloom forming jellyfish species of the genus Cyanea Péron and Lesueur, 1810 and effects of abiotic factors on planulocysts

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Abstract

The negative effects of scyphozoan jellyfish blooms on ecosystems and economy are linked to planula survival, settlement success and subsequent polyp metamorphosis. A particular periderm covered stage formed by the newly settled planula, the planulocyst, has been reported for Cyanea lamarckii Péron and Lesueur, 1810 but not for Cyanea capillata (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Northeast Atlantic. Only a few planulocysts develop to polyps directly after settlement and the excystment process has not been understood in detail. By combining live observations with histological sections and scanning electron microscopy, present results clarified that the excysting C. lamarckii planula secretes a thin periderm stalk within the planulocyst and subsequently the polyp develops at the top of the stalk. No planulocysts but tiny periderm stalks appeared during the polyp development in C. capillata. Experiments with combined temperature (10, 15, 20 °C) and salinity (32, 25) treatments revealed significant effects of temperature on C. lamarckii planula settlement success (highest at 15 °C) and planulocyst excystment (highest at 20 °C) but no significant effects of salinity. Food supply did not affect excystment but enhanced the tentacle development of polyps. Our results demonstrate that studies on early life stages can reveal species-specific morphological differences in scyphozoan polyps which lack other distinct characters. The experimental results indicate that early C. lamarckii life stages are well adapted to environmental salinity changes and that increasing temperature due to global warming can be beneficial for their development which may support their northward distribution and increasing jellyfish populations in the Northeast Atlantic area.

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Data availability

The data analyzed during the current study are available in the Supplementary Information. Additional datasets generated during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Biological Institute Helgoland (BAH) of the Alfred Wegener Institute for providing samples and thank the crew of the RV Senckenberg for their support. We are grateful for the assistance by the staff of Senckenberg am Meer Hamburg (DZMB) and the University of Hamburg with special thanks to Sabine Gaude, Renate Walter and Frank Friedrich.

Funding

The work of Lisa-Renana Kaiser, which was carried out during her Bachelor thesis, was financially supported by the University of Hamburg.

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  1. Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany

    Sabine Holst

  2. Institute for Cell and Systems Biology of Animals (IZS), University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany

    Lisa-Renana Kaiser & Ilka Sötje

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by SH, L-RK and IS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sabine Holst and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sabine Holst.

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The invertebrates investigated in the study are not endangered or protected species. The collection of samples has been carried out with the help and permission from the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research) and during an approved research cruise with the RV Senckenberg (SEN 30-21).

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Holst, S., Kaiser, LR. & Sötje, I. Planula settlement and polyp morphogenesis in two bloom forming jellyfish species of the genus Cyanea Péron and Lesueur, 1810 and effects of abiotic factors on planulocysts. Mar Biol 171, 6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04315-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04315-z

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