Abstract
Shipping is the principal source of anthropogenic noise in the aquatic soundscape of many coastal areas. Noise can affect temporally or permanently the physiology, behavior, and ecology of marine mammals. As noise pollution is considered to be an important threat to Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis), we focused the present study in the effects of noise on occurrence and acoustic behavior in Sepetiba Bay, southeastern Brazil. We modeled the impacts of anthropogenic noise on the acoustic behavior and distribution of these dolphins in an estuarine area. We considered the acoustic parameters (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, delta frequency, duration of whistles, and whistle rates) and occurrence of Guiana dolphins as the response variables and sound exposure levels (SEL) and environmental factors (sea surface temperature, depth, bottom heterogeneity, and bottom type) as the explanatory variables. While dolphin occurrence was explained by environmental variables, mainly SST, the whistle rate was explained by SEL (contribution = 52.4%). The dolphins used noisier areas but communicated mainly in less noisy areas. Although the dolphins did not appear to avoid the noisiest areas, noise levels were the most important variable to explain the reduction in whistle rates. Our results are particularly important since they indicate the effects of noise on an endangered species living in a region with high cumulative impacts.
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Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author under request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Julia Dombroski for helping with MATLAB tools at the beginning of this study. We also thank Gabriel Melo-Santos and Julia Dombroski for the interesting informal discussions that contributed to this study. We would like to thank the Itaguaí Fishing and Agriculture Secretariat (SEMAAP) and Asssociação de Pesca da Ilha da Madeira (APLIM) for supporting fieldwork through the provision of a boat. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—finance code 001, which supported R.H.T. and I.S.M. The Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) currently supports a Pos-doc scholarship of I.S.M. (PDR-10 process E-26/201.862/2020), the research of M.A.S.A. (CNE process E-26/201.126/2022), R.T. (JCNE process E-26/200.238/2023). M.A.S.A. is also supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) productivity grant (PQ, Process—#306.579/2018-9 and 308615/2022-0), and by a productivity fellowship from Rio de Janeiro State University (Prociência, UERJ/FAPERJ).
Funding
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—finance code 001, which supported R.H.T. and I.S.M. The Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) currently supports a Pos-doc scholarship of I.S.M. (PDR-10 process E-26/201.862/2020), the research of M.A.S.A. (CNE process E-26/201.126/2022), R.T. (JCNE process E-26/200.238/2023). M.A.S.A. is also supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) productivity grant (PQ, Process—#306.579/2018-9 and 308615/2022-0), and by a productivity fellowship from Rio de Janeiro State University (Prociência, UERJ/FAPERJ).
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IM: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing—original draft. TB: data curation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—review and editing. MASA: investigation, writing—review and editing. RT: conceptualization, methodology, project administration, supervision, writing—review and editing.
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Maciel, I., Belderrain, T., Alves, M.A.S. et al. Stay here, but keep quiet: the effects of anthropogenic noise on Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in southeastern Brazil. Mar Biol 170, 165 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04312-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04312-2