Abstract
Coastal habitats play a key role in the early life stages of flatfish species, with the quantity and quality of the food they supply being central. However, survival and sufficient development until metamorphosis depend upon obtaining certain essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). We focused this literature review on flatfish requirements, supplies and availability of three most important LC-PUFAs: DHA (docosahexaenoic acid; 22:6n-3), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid; 20:5n-3) and ARA (arachidonic acid; 20:4n-6). First, based on aquaculture research, we summarize their importance for larval development and highlight that Solea spp. are the only marine flatfish known to synthesize DHA, which influences their LC-PUFA requirements. Second, analysis of published LC-PUFA contents in the flatfish larvae prey indicates that they most likely cannot synthesize essential LC-PUFA. They show large differences in DHA and EPA content between species, study sites, feeding environments and developmental stages. Third, LC-PUFA contents of phytoplankton, as the main source of essential LC-PUFAs for the prey of flatfish larvae, vary with species, seasons, nutrient availabilities and temperature. However, flatfish larvae prey probably overcome some limiting conditions by targeting species with high LC-PUFA contents through preferential assimilation and/or selective feeding on prey quality as done by flatfish larvae at a higher trophic level. Fourth, in the scarcity of available data, we propose future research avenues. One of them could investigate relations between availability of LC-PUFAs and plankton biodiversity, which appears to be key in meeting flatfish larvae requirements in coastal habitats and may be influenced by the current increasing human pressure.
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Data Availability
The datasets analyzed during the current study are drawn from numerous previously published articles.
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Le Bris, H., Brosset, P. & Sadoul, B. Quality of the food of flatfish larvae: requirements, supplies and availability of essential fatty acids in coastal marine areas. Mar Biol 170, 127 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04263-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04263-8