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At-sea distribution, movements and diving behavior of Magellanic penguins reflect small-scale changes in oceanographic conditions around the colony

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Abstract

Penguins are highly specialized divers that are expected to reflect environmental variation by adjusting their foraging behavior. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the at-sea distribution, diving, and foraging performance of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) during the early chick-rearing period over two consecutive breeding seasons. The study was conducted at Cabo dos Bahías, (44° 54′ 50″ S; 65° 32′ 37″ W) a breeding colony located south of the latitudinal range of penguins’ main prey item Argentine anchovies (Engraulis anchoita). We also linked penguin foraging behavior to sea surface temperature (SST) to examine how birds cope with differences in oceanographic conditions. For this, we instrumented 37 adult penguins (18 in 2015 and 19 in 2016) with data loggers. In addition, we recorded chick growth in body mass during the first 12 days of life. Overall, the diving patterns of adult Magellanic penguins were similar in both breeding seasons. However, during 2015, adult breeders spent more time at the sea surface between foraging dives and performed more foraging dives per hour. The time spent foraging was higher in 2016 than in 2015. Foraging penguins also expanded their foraging range more than 100 km during 2016. Temperature records gathered by diving penguins during 2016 showed significantly higher temperatures, both at the sea surface as well as at the bottom of dives. Adults performed a higher foraging effort and chicks gained weight faster during 2016. Site-specific variability in prey distribution and abundance may be responsible for inter-seasonal discrepancies in the foraging and diving patterns. We reasoned that any environmental change could cause a shift in the distribution of anchovies, which would change the foraging behavior of penguins as they attempted to optimize their chick growth. Penguins from Cabo dos Bahías appear to face this environmental challenge with a highly sensitive at-sea foraging performance by increasing foraging effort when necessary.

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The datasets generated and analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. T. A. Clay and two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions that improved the manuscript. We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. R. Wilson for his helpful comments on the manuscript. Special thanks to R. Sardi, M. Descalzo, N. Prandoni, and Earthwatch volunteers for their help in the field and Dr. A. Gomez-Laich for help with analysis in R. Earthwatch Institute funded this project. We thank Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT for institutional support. We are grateful to personnel of Parque Interjurisdiccional Marino Costero Patagonia Austral for their support.

Funding

This study was funded by Earthwatch Institute. Grant awarded to F.Q. and G.S.B.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    G. S. Blanco, L. Gallo & F. Quintana

  2. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    J. P. Pisoni

  3. Ornis Italica, Rome, Italy

    G. Dell’Omo

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    N. A. Gerez

  5. Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, Mexico

    G. Molina

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  1. G. S. Blanco
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Contributions

GSB and FQ conceived the study. GSB, GM, GD-O, and FQ collected data. JPP analyzed oceanographic data. GSB analyzed spatial data. NAG analyze dive data. LG completed statistical analysis. GSB and FQ wrote the initial manuscript. GD-O provided resources. All authors contributed to the reviewing and editing.

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Correspondence to G. S. Blanco.

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Research permits (No. 075-SsCyAP/15 and 133-SsCyAP/16) were granted by Subsecretaría de Turismo y Areas Protegidas and Dirección de Fauna y Flora Silvestre, dependent from the Ministry of Tourism and Protected Areas of Chubut Province, Argentina. Handling of penguins during instrumentation was performed as efficiently as possible.

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Blanco, G.S., Gallo, L., Pisoni, J.P. et al. At-sea distribution, movements and diving behavior of Magellanic penguins reflect small-scale changes in oceanographic conditions around the colony. Mar Biol 169, 29 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-04016-5

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