Abstract
Grenadilla wood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.) is a hardwood species found in Tanzania, Mozambique, and other countries in the tropical part of Africa, especially in the Eastern-Central region. Thanks to its high density and good hygroscopic stability, it is used in the making of various musical instruments and fine furniture. Due to the scarcity of published data on this wood species, more studies on its properties are needed to improve its processing and use, and even to search for sustainable alternative materials as its trade is increasingly limited by new regulations. This work is focused on the hygromechanical properties, which hold an important role in the applications of this wood: diffusion coefficients and adsorption–desorption curve (both measured at \(T = 20\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\)), swelling–shrinkage coefficients and full orthotropic elastic constants using an ultrasonic method. Results show that grenadilla wood possesses small water diffusion coefficients (from \(1.54\pm 0.49\times 10^{-7}\,\hbox {cm}^2/\hbox {s}\) in T direction to \(4.58\pm 0.84\times 10^{-7}\,\hbox {cm}^{2}/\hbox {s}\) in L direction), which is probably related to its high density (\(1250.0\pm 26.2\,\hbox {kg}/\hbox {m}^{2}\)); unique equilibrium moisture content (sorption) curve with a lower fiber saturation point (\(0.173\pm 0.003\)); smaller swelling–shrinkage coefficients (\(0.20\pm 0.03\) and \(0.32\pm 0.05\) in T and R directions, respectively); and elastic constants lower in the longitudinal direction (\(15.56\pm 1.79\) GPa) and higher in the transverse ones (\(5.10\pm 0.46\) GPa and \(4.05\pm 0.35\) GPa in R and T directions, respectively) than what could be expected with a standard model based on the density only. Several explanations were described here, from the effects of a high extractive content to the possibility of a high microfibril and/or fiber angle.
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Abbreviations
- L:
-
Longitudinal direction
- R:
-
Radial direction
- T:
-
Tangential direction
- c :
-
Diffusing concentration
- \(c_i\) :
-
Initial diffusing concentration
- \(c_f\) :
-
Final diffusing concentration
- \(M_t\) :
-
Total change of moisture content at a given time t
- \(M_f\) :
-
Total final change of moisture content
- [C]:
-
Stiffness matrix
- \(C_{ij}\) :
-
Component of stiffness matrix
- [S]:
-
Compliance matrix, where \([C] = [S]^{-1}\)
- DL:
-
A code designating a diffusion sample for L direction
- DR:
-
A code designating a diffusion sample for R direction
- DT:
-
A code designating a diffusion sample for T direction
- D :
-
Coefficient of diffusion, written here as \(\hbox {cm}^2/\hbox {s}\)
- [D]:
-
Matrix of diffusion coefficients, which consists of D for diffusion in L, R and T
- \(D_0\) :
-
Constant diffusion coefficient D
- \(D_\mathrm{lin}\) :
-
Coefficient of diffusion whose values vary linearly with W
- \(D_e\) :
-
Coefficient of diffusion whose values vary exponentially with W
- EMC:
-
Equilibrium moisture content (without unit)
- \(\gamma\) :
-
Swelling–shrinkage coefficient (without unit)
- \(\gamma _\mathrm{R}, \gamma _\mathrm{T}\) :
-
Swelling–shrinkage coefficient for R and T directions, respectively
- \(\varGamma _V\) :
-
Volume swelling coefficient
- S:
-
A code designating a sample as a swelling–shrinkage sample
- \(\alpha , \phi\) :
-
Intrinsic thermodynamic full-cycle curve parameters (unitless)
- \(A, \beta , K\) :
-
Empirical partial-cycle curve parameters (unitless)
- \(\text {V}\) :
-
Volume (\(\hbox {m}^3\))
- V :
-
Wave propagation velocity (m/s)
- \(V_\theta\) :
-
Wave propagation velocity measured at angle \(\theta\) (m/s)
- W :
-
Water/moisture content of wood (unitless)
- \(W_s\) :
-
Fiber saturation point of wood (unitless)
- \(W_t\) :
-
Moisture content of wood sample at time t, Eq. 12
- \(W_i\) :
- \(W_f\) :
- \(\zeta _x\) :
-
Hydric capacity of the isothermal envelope for adsorption or desorption, Eq. 7
- h :
-
Relative humidity or RH (unitless)
- \(h_i\) :
- \(h_f\) :
- m :
-
Mass in g
- p, b :
-
Empirical constants to be estimated (no unit), referred to in Eq. 15
- \(\mu\) :
-
Mean values
- \(\delta\) :
-
Standard deviation values
- k :
-
Empirical constant to be estimated (no unit) from Eq. 16
- l :
-
Thickness of the sample (mm).
- \(\rho\) :
-
Density of the wood (\(\hbox {kg/m}^{3}\))
- T :
-
Temperature (\(^{\circ }\hbox {C}\))
- h :
-
Relative humidity (unitless)
- X :
-
Half-thickness of wood sample used in the diffusion experiments (mm)
- Y :
-
Dimension of the sample in particular direction (can be in R, L or T), in mm.
- \(Y_i\) :
-
Initial dimension of the sample in particular direction, in mm, measured at \(W_i\)
- \(Y_f\) :
-
Initial dimension of the sample in particular direction, in mm, measured at \(W_f\)
- \(\epsilon\) :
-
Mechanical or hygroscopic strain of wood
- \(\xi\) :
-
The weighed parameter for partial-cycle curve, referred to Eqs. 3–6
- \(\xi _a\) :
-
The weighed parameter for partial-cycle curve during adsorption (\(h_f > h_i\))
- \(\xi _d\) :
-
The weighed parameter for partial-cycle curve during desorption (\(h_f < h_i\))
- sse:
-
Sum of squared error
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Acknowledgements
This research is a result of cooperation between the Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (CNRS, Université de Montpellier), ANRT and Henri SELMER Paris under the working scheme of Ph.D. CIFRE, on which the first author was currently working during the time of the writing of this paper. Special acknowledgments are directed toward Michel Millon and Christophe Gallois from Henri SELMER Paris, Gille Camp from LMGC, Stéphane Fourtier from UMR AMAP CIRAD and Daniel Guibal from UMR BioWooEB CIRAD for their technical support.
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Alkadri, A., Jullien, D., Arnould, O. et al. Hygromechanical properties of grenadilla wood (Dalbergia melanoxylon). Wood Sci Technol 54, 1269–1297 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01215-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01215-z