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Alkaline Phosphatases: Biochemistry, Functions, and Measurement

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Abstract

Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) are a group of isoenzymes, situated on the external layer of the cell membrane; they catalyze the hydrolysis of organic phosphate esters present in the extracellular space. Zinc and magnesium are significant co-factors for the biological activity of these enzymes. Although ALPs are available in various body tissues and have distinct physiochemical properties, they are true isoenzymes since they catalyze a similar reaction. In the liver, ALP is cytosolic and present in the canalicular membrane of the hepatocytes. ALPs are available in placenta, ileal mucosa, kidney, bone, and liver. However, most of the ALPs in serum (over 80%) are delivered from liver and bone and in more modest quantities from the intestines. Despite the fact that alkaline phosphatases are found in numerous tissues all through the body, their exact physiological function remains largely unknown.

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Abbreviations

TNALP:

Tissue non-specific

PLALP:

Human placental

PIALP:

Human intestinal

GCALP:

Germ cell alkaline phosphatase

BALP:

Bone isoform of TNSALP

LALP:

Liver isoform of TNSALP

ALP:

Alkaline Phosphatases

PPi:

Pyrophosphate

PLP:

Pyripoxal-5΄-phosphate

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

PTH:

Parathormone

FGF23:

Fibroblast growth factor 23

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

5’-UTR:

5’-Untranslated region

MV:

Matrix vessels

ECM:

Extracellullar matrix

XLH:

X-Linked hypophosphatemia

ADHR:

Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets

VDRR:

Vitamin D-resistant rickets

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

HPP:

Hypophosphatasia

MM:

Multiple myeloma

BTMs:

Bone turnover markers

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece

    Konstantinos Makris

  2. Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal System “Th. Garofalidis”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Konstantinos Makris

  3. 6th Orthopedic Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece

    Chagigia Mousa

  4. Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU de Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium

    Etienne Cavalier

Authors
  1. Konstantinos Makris
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  2. Chagigia Mousa
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  3. Etienne Cavalier
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KM and EC had the idea for the article, KM and CM performed the literature search and data analysis, KM wrote the first draft, and EC worked on the draft to provide the last version.

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Correspondence to Etienne Cavalier.

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Makris, K., Mousa, C. & Cavalier, E. Alkaline Phosphatases: Biochemistry, Functions, and Measurement. Calcif Tissue Int 112, 233–242 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-022-01048-x

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