Abstract
The attenuation of sensory inputs via various methods has been demonstrated to impair balance control and alter locomotor behavior during human walking; however, the effects of attenuating foot sole sensation under distinct areas of the foot sole on lower extremity motor output remains poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to attenuate cutaneous feedback via regional hypothermia under five different areas of the foot sole and investigate the resultant modulation of kinematic and muscle activity during level walking. Electromyography from eight lower leg muscles, kinematics, and location of center of pressure was recorded from 48 healthy young adults completing walking trials with normal and reduced cutaneous sensation from bilateral foot soles. The results of this study highlight the modulatory response of the tibialis anterior in terminal stance (propulsion and toe-off) and medial gastrocnemius muscle throughout the entire stance phase of gait. The topographical organization of foot sole skin in response to the attenuation of cutaneous feedback from different areas of the foot sole significantly modified locomotor activity. Furthermore, the locomotor response to cutaneous attenuation under the same regions that we previously facilitated with tactile feedback do not oppose each other, suggesting different physiological changes to foot sole skin generate unique gait behaviors.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Natural Science and Engineer Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant [RGPIN-2015-06481] and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation [5141].
Funding
This article is funded by Pedorthic Research Foundation of Canada, Natural Science and Engineer Research Council of Canada, RGPIN-2015-06481, Stephen D. Perry, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, 5141, Stephen D. Perry.
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Communicated by Francesco Lacquaniti.
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Robb, K.A., Perry, S.D. The topographical attenuation of cutaneous input is modulated at the ankle joint during gait. Exp Brain Res 242, 149–161 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-023-06737-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-023-06737-z