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Stroking and tapping the skin: behavioral and electrodermal effects

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Abstract

Being caressed represents one of the most typical expressions of affection conveyed by touch. Converging evidence suggests that the pleasant perception of gentle and slow stroking delivered to the hairy skin is mediated by C-Tactile afferents (CTs). While behavioral and neural responses to CT-optimal touch have been moderately explored so far, less is known about the autonomic reaction to different kinds of touch (both CT-optimal and not). Here, we investigated whether physiological arousal varies as a function of the specific tactile stimulation provided. Stroking (slow: 3 cm/s ‘CT-optimal’; or fast: 30 cm/s) and tapping (random or fixed spatial order) stimulations were delivered to the participants’ forearm with a brush, for durations of 9 or 60 s. Participants’ skin conductance response (SCR) and level (SCL), as well as subjective evaluations, were recorded. The results revealed that being stroked (at both the velocities) induced higher SCR and SCL than being tapped. Moreover, while higher SCR was elicited by CT-suboptimal stroking compared to CT-optimal stroking, SCL was not affected differently by CT-optimal touch. No differences were found between the effects of 9 and 60 s stimulations. Slow stroking was evaluated as the most pleasant, relaxing and ‘social’ type of touch compared to the other tactile stimulations. Taken together, these findings shed light on the psychophysiological responses to stroking (including CT-optimal touch) and tapping, and contribute to elucidate the mechanisms underlying hedonic tactile perception.

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Notes

  1. The cutaneous rabbit illusion can be induced by delivering fast sequential taps, first to one location and then to another location on the skin, to induce the illusion that the tapping is occurring at intermediate locations between the actual stimulus sites, as if a small rabbit was hopping along the skin from the first site to the second position (Geldard and Sherrick 1972; Miyazaki et al. 2010).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Mirko Di Biase for the help that he provided in the data collection process.

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  1. Department of Psychology and NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy

    Roberta Etzi, Carlotta Carta & Alberto Gallace

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  1. Roberta Etzi
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  2. Carlotta Carta
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Correspondence to Roberta Etzi.

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Etzi, R., Carta, C. & Gallace, A. Stroking and tapping the skin: behavioral and electrodermal effects. Exp Brain Res 236, 453–461 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5143-9

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