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Drying process, storage conditions, and time alter the biochemical composition and bioactivity of the anti-greenhouse seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis

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Abstract

The Azorean red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis may be used in human and animal diets. This seaweed is deemed to reduce the large production of methane—a major greenhouse gas—by ruminant digestion. Seaweed producers, however, have difficulties in ensuring a reliable and similar product throughout all year and in different years. Changes in biochemical composition and bioactivity are caused not only by natural variability, but also by the particular drying process, storage conditions, and storage time. Regarding the drying process, oven-dried samples had a lower EPA content, 1.9 ± 0.2% of the total FAs, than freeze-dried samples, 8.6 ± 1.7%. The same occurred with the phenolic contents and particularly with the ethanolic extracts. ABTS antioxidant activity results showed freeze-drying as advantageous. With respect to storage temperature, anti-inflammatory activity was higher in A. taxiformis at room temperature after three month storage. Moreover, EPA content in freeze-dried samples decreased to 0.3–1.0% after three month storage. Phenolic content in the ethanolic extracts also declined over storage time. In the case of aqueous extracts, however, variation was in the opposite direction. Antioxidant activity as measured by ABTS showed for almost all samples and types of extracts an increasing trend over time: from 0.26–1.75 to 0.75–4.40 mmol Trolox Eq/100 g dw. Anti-inflammatory activity increased over time from < 30% COX-2 inhibition at the beginning of the trial to > 30% COX-2 inhibition after three month storage. Therefore, there is a relevant bioactive potential in A. taxiformis and the drying process and storage conditions and time affect this potential.

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Abbreviations

AA Eq:

Ascorbic acid equivalent

ABTS:

2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid

ARA:

Arachidonic acid

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulphoxide

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

ELISA:

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

F:

Freezing temperature

FA:

Fatty acid

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester

GA:

Gallic acid

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

HSD:

Honestly significant difference

L:

Freeze-dried samples

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

O:

Oven-dried samples

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

R:

Room temperature

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

TFC:

Total flavonoid content

TPC:

Total content of phenolic compounds

Trolox Eq:

Trolox equivalent

ω3 PUFA:

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid

ω6 PUFA:

Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the following Grants: Ref.: SFRH/BPD/102689/2014 (“Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”, FCT) for Carlos Cardoso, DIVERSIAQUA (MAR2020, Ref.: 16-02-01-FEAM-66) for Cláudia Afonso, and (SFRH/BD/129795/2017; FCT) for Joana Matos. The experimental work was funded by the projects AQUAMAX (Ref.: 16-02-01-FMP-0047), I9 + PROALGA (Ref.: 16-01-03-FMP-0011), and FCT (Ref.: UID/AGR/04129/2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture And Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal

    A. L. Regal & V. Alves

  2. Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal

    A. L. Regal, R. Gomes, J. Matos, N. M. Bandarra, C. Afonso & C. Cardoso

  3. Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 16, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    J. Matos

  4. CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal

    N. M. Bandarra, C. Afonso & C. Cardoso

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  1. A. L. Regal
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  2. V. Alves
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Correspondence to C. Cardoso.

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Regal, A.L., Alves, V., Gomes, R. et al. Drying process, storage conditions, and time alter the biochemical composition and bioactivity of the anti-greenhouse seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis. Eur Food Res Technol 246, 781–793 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03445-8

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