Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of suitable standards for quantitative determination of persimmon phenol contents in Folin-Ciocalteu and vanillin assays

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
European Food Research and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 28 June 2014

Abstract

Use of gallic acid (GA) as a standard in the Folin-Ciocalteu assay leads to an underestimation of phenol content in persimmon extracts so does the widely used catechin (C) in vanillin assay for determining condensed tannins in persimmon extracts. To develop suitable standards for addressing the issue of accuracy, we prepared highly purified persimmon tannin (PT) and its three fractions (PT20, PT40 and PT60), as well as three characteristic structural subunits of PT including epicatechin-3-gallate-(4β → 8, 2β → O→7)-epicatechin-3-gallate (A-type ECG dimer), epigallocatechin-3-gallate-(4β → 8, 2β → O→7)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (A-type EGCG dimer) and epicatechin-(4β → 8)-epicatechin (B-type EC dimer). We compared the color yield of commercially available standards including the dimers GA, EGCG, ECG, C and PT and its three fractions in the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and vanillin assay, respectively. Our results suggested that for estimating phenol content in persimmon extracts, EGCG, ECG, C and GA were poor standards in Folin-Ciocalteu assay. We recommended PT40 as the most suitable standard in determining the phenol content of persimmon extracts. In the vanillin assay, A-type EGCG dimer or A-type ECG dimer were superior than the commonly used C as standards, and ECG was also an alternative when A-type EGCG dimer or A-type ECG dimer were not available.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tian Y, Zou B, Yang L, Xu S-f, Yang J, Yao P, Li C-m (2011) High molecular weight persimmon tannin ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage in senescent mice induced by d-galactose. Food Chem Toxicol 49(8):1728–1736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Tian Y, Zou B, Li C-m, Yang J, Xu S-f, Hagerman AE (2012) High molecular weight persimmon tannin is a potent antioxidant both ex vivo and in vivo. Food Res Int 45(1):26–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Jang I-C, Jo E-K, Bae M-S, Lee H-J, Jeon G-I, Park E, Yuk H-G, Ahn G-H, Lee S-C (2010) Antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of different parts of persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. Fuyu) fruit. J Med Plant Res 4(2):155–160

    Google Scholar 

  4. Borges-Argaez R, Canche-Chay CI, Pena-Rodriguez LM, Said-Fernandez S, Molina-Salinas GM (2007) Antimicrobial activity of Diospyros anisandra. Fitoterapia 78(5):370–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Gorinstein S, Kulasek GW, Bartnikowska E, Leontowicz M, Zemser M, Morawiec M, Trakhtenberg S (1998) The influence of persimmon peel and persimmon pulp on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity of rats fed cholesterol. J Nutr Biochem 9(4):223–227 0955-2863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kondo S, Yoshikawa H, Katayama R (2004) Antioxidant activity in astringent and non-astringent persimmons. J Hortic Sci Biotech 79(3):390–394 1462-0316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zou B, C-m Li, J-y Chen, X-q Dong, Zhang Y, Du J (2012) High molecular weight persimmon tannin is a potent hypolipidemic in high-cholesterol diet fed rats. Food Res Int 48(2):970–977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fukai S, Tanimoto S, Maeda A, Fukuda H, Okada Y, Nomura M (2009) Pharmacological activity of compounds extracted from persimmon peel (Diospyros kaki THUNB.). J Oleo Sci 58(4):213–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee SO, Chung SK, Lee IS (2006) The antidiabetic effect of dietary persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Sangjudungsi) peel in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Food Sci 71(3):S293–S298 1750-3841

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Park YS, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Namiesnik J, Jesion I, Gorinstein S (2008) Nutraceutical value of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) and its influence on some indices of atherosclerosis in an experiment on rats fed cholesterol-containing diet. Adv Hortic Scie 22:250–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hagerman AE, Butler LG (1994) Assay of condensed tannins or flavonoid oligomers and related flavonoids in plants. Methods Enzymol 234:429–437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Feliciano RP, Shea MP, Shanmuganayagam D, Krueger CG, Howell AB, Reed JD (2012) Comparison of isolated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) proanthocyanidins to catechin and procyanidins A2 and B2 for use as Standards in the 4-(dimethylamino) cinnamaldehyde assay. J Agric Food Chem 60(18):4578–4585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schofield P, Mbugua DM, Pell AN (2001) Analysis of condensed tannins: a review. Anim Feed Sci Tech 91(1):21–40 0377-8401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sun B, Belchior GP, Ricardo-da-Silva JM, Spranger MI (1999) Isolation and purification of dimeric and trimeric procyanidins from grape seeds. J Chromatogr A 841(1):115–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gu H-F, Li C-M, Xu Y-j, Hu W-f, Chen M-h, Q-h Wan (2008) Structural features and antioxidant activity of tannin from persimmon pulp. Food Res Int 41(2):208–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Li C, Trombley J, Schmidt M, Hagerman A (2010) Preparation of an acid butanol standard from fresh apples. J Chem Ecol 36(5):453–460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Li CM, Leverence R, Trombley JD, Xu SF, Yang J, Tian Y, Reed JD, Hagerman AE (2010) High molecular weight persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) proanthocyanidin: a highly galloylated, a-linked tannin with an unusual flavonol terminal unit, myricetin. J Agric Food Chem 58(16):9033–9042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. S-f Xu, Zou B, Yang J, Yao P, Li C-m (2012) Characterization of a highly polymeric proanthocyanidin fraction from persimmon pulp with strong Chinese cobra PLA2 inhibition effects. Fitoterapia 83(1):153–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Spranger I, Sun B, Mateus AM, Freitas Vd, Ricardo-da-Silva JM (2008) Chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidin fractions from grape seeds. Food Chem 108(2):519–532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In: Lester P (ed) Methods enzymol, vol 299. Academic Press, London, pp 152–178

    Google Scholar 

  21. Waterman PG, Mole S (1994) Analysis of phenolic plant metabolites, vol 83. Blackwell, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hagerman AE (2002) Tannin analysis. www.users.muohio.edu/hagermae/

  23. McMurrough I, McDowell J (1978) Chromatographic separation and automated analysis of flavanols. Anal Biochem 91(1):92–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Prior RL, Fan E, Ji H, Howell A, Nio C, Payne MJ, Reed J (2010) Multi-laboratory validation of a standard method for quantifying proanthocyanidins in cranberry powders. J Sci Food Agr 90(9):1473–1478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31271833), the Chinese Ministry Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0865) Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201203047) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2013PY022).

Conflict of interest

None.

Compliance with Ethics Requirements

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Bo Zou, Xiao-qian Dong, Zhen-zhen Ge, Ze Xu, Jing Du & Chun-mei Li

  2. Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

    Chun-mei Li

Authors
  1. Bo Zou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiao-qian Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhen-zhen Ge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ze Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jing Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chun-mei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bo Zou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zou, B., Dong, Xq., Ge, Zz. et al. Development of suitable standards for quantitative determination of persimmon phenol contents in Folin-Ciocalteu and vanillin assays. Eur Food Res Technol 239, 385–391 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-014-2232-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-014-2232-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation