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Development and validation of a GC–MS/MS method for the determination of iodoacetic acid in biological samples

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Abstract

Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is a halogenated disinfection by-product of growing concern due to its high cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, endocrine disruptor effects, and potential carcinogenicity. However, the data on distribution and excretion of IAA after ingestion by mammals are still scarce. Here, we developed a reliable and validated method for detecting IAA in biological specimens (plasma, urine, feces, liver, kidney, and tissues) based on modified QuEChERS sample preparation combined with gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The detection method for IAA exhibited satisfactory recovery rates (62.6–108.0%) with low relative standard deviations (RSD < 12.3%) and a low detection limit for all biological matrices ranging from 0.007 to 0.032 ng/g. The study showed that the proposed method was reliable and reproducible for analyzing IAA in biological specimens. It was successfully used to detect IAA levels in biological samples from rats given gavage administration. The results indicated that IAA was found in various tissues and organs, including plasma, thyroid, the liver, the kidney, the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and others, 6 h after exposure. This study provides the first data on the in vivo distribution in and excretion of IAA by mammals following oral exposure.

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Acknowledgements

The first author would like to thank Xi Lin from Jiading CDC for the help during the experimental part of this study.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [2023YFF1104800, 2017YFC1600500], the National Standard for Drinking Water Quality from National Institutes of Environmental Health, China CDC [2021], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81373089, 82241089], Food Safety Risk Assessment Project of Shanghai in China (RA-2023–17), and Scientific Research Foundation of Shanghai Pudong New Area Commission of Health and Family Planning (PW2017A-13).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China

    Hanning Yu, Weidong Qu & Ying Zhou

  2. School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China

    Hanning Yu, Weidong Qu & Ying Zhou

  3. Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201899, China

    Linying Wu, Dongliang Xuan, Qian Peng & Ying Zhou

  4. Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China

    Ying Zhou

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  1. Hanning Yu
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  3. Dongliang Xuan
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Contributions

Ying Zhou and Hanning Yu conceived and designed the research. Hanning Yu conducted the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Linying Wu, Dongliang Xuan, and Qian Peng provided experimental equipment and technical support. Weidong Qu and Ying Zhou revised the manuscript. Ying Zhou supervised this study. All authors listed have made substantial contributions to the work and approved it for publication.

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Correspondence to Weidong Qu or Ying Zhou.

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The animal use was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Fudan University. All procedures were conducted following to the National Ethics Committee for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for Research. Every effort was made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used, in accordance with the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement).

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Yu, H., Wu, L., Xuan, D. et al. Development and validation of a GC–MS/MS method for the determination of iodoacetic acid in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05266-0

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