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Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective extraction of oxazepam from complex environmental and biological samples

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Abstract

Oxazepam, one of the most frequently prescribed anxiolytic drugs, is not completely removed from wastewater with conventional treatment processes. It can thus be found at trace levels in environmental water, with human urine constituting the major source of contamination. This study focused on the development and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective solid-phase extraction of oxazepam at trace levels from environmental water and human urine samples. Two MIPs were synthesized, and their selectivity in pure organic and aqueous media were assayed. After optimizing the extraction procedure adapted to a large sample volume to reach a high enrichment factor, the most promising MIP was applied to the selective extraction of oxazepam from environmental water. Extraction recoveries of 83 ± 12, 92 ± 4 and 89 ± 10% were obtained using the MIP for tap, mineral and river water, respectively, while a recovery close to 40% was obtained on the corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP). Thanks to the high enrichment factors, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4.5 ng L−1 was obtained for river water. A selective extraction procedure was also developed for urine samples and gave rise to extraction recoveries close to 95% for the MIP and only 23% for the NIP. Using the MIP, a LOQ of 357 ng L−1 was obtained for oxazepam in urine. The use of the MIP also helped to limit the matrix effects encountered for the quantification of oxazepam in environmental samples and in human urine samples after extraction on an Oasis HLB sorbent.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR Program: ANR-15-CE04-0012, project MIP_WQT) and by the « DIM analytics » from the region Île-de-France. The authors thank Sofiane Korchi (Trainee, Master in Chemistry, 1st year, Sorbonne University, Paris, France) for participation in this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France

    Fanny Varenne, Porkodi Kadhirvel, Pauline Bosman, Loïc Renault, Audrey Combès & Valérie Pichon

  2. Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France

    Valérie Pichon

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  1. Fanny Varenne
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  2. Porkodi Kadhirvel
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Correspondence to Valérie Pichon.

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Varenne, F., Kadhirvel, P., Bosman, P. et al. Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective extraction of oxazepam from complex environmental and biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 414, 451–463 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03268-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03268-w

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