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Determination of 13 endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental solid samples using microwave-assisted solvent extraction and continuous solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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Abstract

Soil can contain large numbers of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The varied physicochemical properties of EDCs constitute a great challenge to their determination in this type of environmental matrix. In this work, an analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of various classes of EDCs, including parabens, alkylphenols, phenylphenols, bisphenol A, and triclosan, in soils, sediments, and sewage sludge. The method uses microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) in combination with continuous solid-phase extraction for determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A systematic comparison of the MAE results with those of ultrasound-assisted and Soxhlet extraction showed MAE to provide the highest extraction efficiency (close to 100 %) in the shortest extraction time (3 min). The proposed method provides a linear response over the range 2.0 − 5000 ng kg−1 and features limits of detection from 0.5 to 4.5 ng kg−1 depending on the properties of the EDC. The method was successfully applied to the determination of target compounds in agricultural soils, pond and river sediments, and sewage sludge. The sewage sludge samples were found to contain all target compounds except benzylparaben at concentration levels from 36 to 164 ng kg−1. By contrast, the other types of samples contained fewer EDCs and at lower concentrations (5.6 − 84 ng kg−1).

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Technical Research Service of the University of Jaén for access to its gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry system.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S. of Linares, University of Jaén, 23700, Linares, Jaén, Spain

    Abdelmonaim Azzouz & Evaristo Ballesteros

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  1. Abdelmonaim Azzouz
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  2. Evaristo Ballesteros
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Correspondence to Evaristo Ballesteros.

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Azzouz, A., Ballesteros, E. Determination of 13 endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental solid samples using microwave-assisted solvent extraction and continuous solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 408, 231–241 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9096-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9096-1

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