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Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy based spectral-biomarker selection towards optimum diagnostic differentiation of oral leukoplakia and cancer

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Abstract

In search of specific label-free biomarkers for differentiation of two oral lesions, namely oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 47 human subjects (eight normal (NOM), 16 OLK, and 23 OSCC). Difference between mean spectra (DBMS), Mann–Whitney’s U test, and forward feature selection (FFS) techniques were used for optimising spectral-marker selection. Classification of diseases was performed with linear and quadratic support vector machine (SVM) at 10-fold cross-validation, using different combinations of spectral features. It was observed that six features obtained through FFS enabled differentiation of NOM and OSCC tissue (1782, 1713, 1665, 1545, 1409, and 1161 cm−1) and were most significant, able to classify OLK and OSCC with 81.3 % sensitivity, 95.7 % specificity, and 89.7 % overall accuracy. The 43 spectral markers extracted through Mann–Whitney’s U Test were the least significant when quadratic SVM was used. Considering the high sensitivity and specificity of the FFS technique, extracting only six spectral biomarkers was thus most useful for diagnosis of OLK and OSCC, and to overcome inter and intra-observer variability experienced in diagnostic best-practice histopathological procedure. By considering the biochemical assignment of these six spectral signatures, this work also revealed altered glycogen and keratin content in histological sections which could able to discriminate OLK and OSCC. The method was validated through spectral selection by the DBMS technique. Thus this method has potential for diagnostic cost minimisation for oral lesions by label-free biomarker identification.

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Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge financial finding from MHRD, Government of India, New Delhi (IIT/SRIC/SMST/IAN/2013-14/222). The authors also wish to thank Mr B. Mohan Rao for his help during data acquisition and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Statement on informed consent

We would like to state that the work was performed under ethical clearance of the institution ethical committee of GNIDSR, Kolkata (GNIDSR/IEC/15-1 dt. 05/01/2015) and informed consent was obtained from all the subjects (both normal and diseased) recruited in the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India

    Satarupa Banerjee & Jyotirmoy Chatterjee

  2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research, 157/F Nilganj Road, Panihati, Kolkata, 700 114, India

    Mousumi Pal & Ranjan Rashmi Paul

  3. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India

    Jitamanyu Chakrabarty

  4. University of Bordeaux – Inserm U1029 LAMC – Biophysics of Vascular Plasticity, 33608, Pessac, France

    Cyril Petibois

  5. Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, 734012, India

    Amita Giri

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  1. Satarupa Banerjee
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  2. Mousumi Pal
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Correspondence to Satarupa Banerjee.

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Banerjee, S., Pal, M., Chakrabarty, J. et al. Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy based spectral-biomarker selection towards optimum diagnostic differentiation of oral leukoplakia and cancer. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 7935–7943 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8960-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8960-3

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