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Determination of urinary nucleosides via borate complexation capillary electrophoresis combined with dynamic pH junction-sweeping-large volume sample stacking as three sequential steps for their on-line enrichment

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Abstract

The combination of dynamic pH junction, sweeping (using borate complexation), and large volume sample stacking (LVSS) is investigated as three consecutive steps for on-line focusing in the sensitive quantitation of urinary nucleosides by CE-UVD. A low conductivity aqueous sample matrix free from borate and a high conductivity BGE (containing borate, pH 9.25) are needed to fulfill the required conditions for dynamic pH junction, LVSS, and sweeping. Parameters affecting the separation and the enrichment efficiency are studied such as buffer concentration, separation voltage, capillary temperature, sample composition, and sample injection volume. Prerequisite for the developed strategy is the extraction of the nucleosides from urine using a phenylboronate affinity gel, which is described to be a unique means for the selective enrichment of cis-diol metabolites under alkaline conditions. The impact of ionic constituents remaining in the eluate after extraction on focusing efficiency and resolution is investigated. The developed method is applied to the analysis of blank and spiked urine samples. Fundamental aspects underlying the proposed enrichment procedure are discussed. A detection limit as low as 10 ng mL−1 is achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this LOD represents the lowest LOD reported so far for the analysis of nucleosides using CE with UV detection and provides a comparable sensitivity to CE/MS. Because of the high sensitivity, the proposed method shows a great potential for the analysis of nucleosides in human urine and other types of biological fluids.

Schematic presentation of the developed three-step focusing mechanism (combining dynamic pHjunction, sweeping using borate complexation, and LVSS).

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Acknowledgments

A.H. Rageh thanks the Egyptian ministry of higher education and state for scientific research and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) for funding her PhD scholarship through German Egyptian Research Long-Term Scholarship program (GERLS). We thank Prof. M. Marahiel for providing the lyophilizer. We thank the workshops of the Department of Chemistry for the development of the data-recording unit.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032, Marburg, Germany

    Azza H. Rageh, Achim Kaltz & Ute Pyell

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  1. Azza H. Rageh
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  2. Achim Kaltz
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  3. Ute Pyell
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Correspondence to Ute Pyell.

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Rageh, A.H., Kaltz, A. & Pyell, U. Determination of urinary nucleosides via borate complexation capillary electrophoresis combined with dynamic pH junction-sweeping-large volume sample stacking as three sequential steps for their on-line enrichment. Anal Bioanal Chem 406, 5877–5895 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8022-2

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