Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Limonene in Arizona liquid systems used in countercurrent chromatography. I Physicochemical properties

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Limonene is a biorenewable cycloterpene solvent derived from orange peel waste. Its potential as a “green” solvent to replace heptane was recently evaluated. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a preparative separation technique using biphasic liquid systems. One liquid phase is the mobile phase; the other liquid phase is the stationary phase held in place by centrifugal fields. A particular range of special proportions of the heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water system is called the Arizona (AZ) liquid system when the heptane/ethyl acetate ratio is exactly the same as the methanol/water ratio. A continuous polarity decrease is obtained between the most polar A composition (ethyl acetate/water or 0/1/0/1 v/v) and the least polar Z composition (heptane/methanol or 1/0/1/0 v/v), replacing heptane by limonene and methanol by ethanol produce biphasic liquid systems much more environmentallyfriendly than the original AZ compositions. The chemical compositions of the two liquid phases of 12 AZ limonene/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water proportions were fully determined by Karl-Fisher titration of water and by gas chromatography for the organic solvents. The results were compared with the compositions of the corresponding AZ mixtures containing heptane and methanol. Significant differences in ethyl acetate and ethanol distribution between phases of the two systems with identical volume proportions were established. The ratio of the upper phase over the lower phase volumes and the phase density difference are important in CCC, there are also significant differences between the classic and “green” AZ systems that are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Curzons AD, Constable DJC, Mortimer DN, Cunningham VL (2001) Green Chem 3:15–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Conway WD (1990) Countercurrent Chromatography, Apparatus, Theory, and Applications. VCH Publishers, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  3. Berthod A (2002) Countercurrent chromatography, the support-free liquid stationary phase (comprehensive analytical chemistry), vol 38. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  4. DeAmicis C, Edwards NA, Giles MB, Harris GH, Hewitson P, Janaway L, Ignatova S (2011) J Chromatogr A 1218:6122–6127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Faure K, Mekaoui N, Berthod A (2014) In: Inamuddin D, Mohammad A (eds) Green Chromatographic Techniques, Vol XII, Chap 1, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–19

  6. Zhang M, Ignatova S, Hu P, Liang Q, Wang Y, Luo G, Sutherland IA (2011) J Chromatogr A 1218:6031–6037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Berthod A (2009) In: Grushka E, Grinberg N (eds) Advances in Chromatography, vol. 47, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 323–352

  8. Faure K, Bouju E, Suchet P, Berthod A (2013) Anal Chem 85:4644–4650

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Margraff R (1994) In: Foucault A (ed) Centrifugal Partition Chromatography, Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 68, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 331–350

  10. Renault JH, Nuzillard JM, Intes O, Maciuk A (2002) Countercurrent Chromatography, the Support-Free Liquid Stationary Phase. In: Berthod A (ed) Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, vol 38. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 49–83

    Google Scholar 

  11. Berthod A, Hassoun M, Ruiz-Angel MJ (2005) Anal Bioanal Chem 383:327–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sutherland IA, Fisher D (2009) J Chromatogr A 1216:740–753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Faure K, Bouju E, Doby J, Berthod A (2014) submitted article.

  14. Kerton FM, Mariott R (2013) Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry, 2nd ed., Chap 6, Royal Soc Chem, London, pp 149–174

  15. Lide DR (2009) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  16. Letcher TM, Wootton S, Shuttleworth B, Heyward C (1986) J Chem Thermodyn 18:1037–1042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee LS, Chen WC, Huang JF (1996) J Chem Eng Jpn 29:427–438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

K.F. and A.B.. thank the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ISA UMR5280) for continuous support. E.B. and P.S. thank Rousselet Centrifugation (Annonay, France) for, a 3-year CIFRE PhD grant and a 1-year industrial grant respectively.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France

    Karine Faure, Elodie Bouju, Pauline Suchet & Alain Berthod

Authors
  1. Karine Faure
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elodie Bouju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pauline Suchet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alain Berthod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alain Berthod.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Faure, K., Bouju, E., Suchet, P. et al. Limonene in Arizona liquid systems used in countercurrent chromatography. I Physicochemical properties. Anal Bioanal Chem 406, 5909–5917 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8005-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8005-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation