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Performance of recent density functionals to discriminate between olefin and nitrogen binding to palladium

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Abstract

In the last decades, density functional theory has become unavoidable in theoretical studies of organometallic chemistry. Most of the recent functionals contain many parameters that are adjusted using carefully chosen reaction sets. However, these sets only contain a few entries involving late transition metal reaction, so that choosing a functional for such a study is difficult. In this work, the theoretical description of the oxidative addition of \(\hbox {Pd}(\hbox {PH}_3)_2\) to 2-iodo-allyl-aniline was chosen as a representative reaction of palladium. The competitive binding of the palladium to the alkene or the nitrogen atom was used to assess the accuracy of ab initio methods (MP2, MP3, MP2.5, SCS-MP2, SCS-MP3) and 56 functionals ranging from local density approximation to the costly double-hybrid approaches (such as B2PLYP), against a CCSD(T)/CBS reference value. Model systems \([(\hbox {PH}_3)_2\hbox {ClPd}(\hbox {NH}_3)]^{+}\) and \([(\hbox {PH}_3)_2\hbox {ClPd}(\hbox {H}_2\hbox {C}=\hbox {CH}_2)]^{+}\) were first considered: all functionals correctly predict that the azane complex is the most stable. However, some functionals overestimate its stability compared to the alkene complex. This is amplified in the 2-iodo-allyl-aniline study: SCS-MP3, B2PLYP as well as BP86, most of the meta-GGA (generalized gradient approximation), hybrid GGAs and hybrid meta-GGAs are predicting that oxidative addition proceeds directly. On the contrary, many functionals, among which B3LYP, M06-2X and most range-separated methods, wrongly predict that palladium first binds to the nitrogen atom before proceeding to the olefin insertion. Resorting to these functionals to study inorganic reactions with palladium might thus result in predicting wrong mechanisms.

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Notes

  1. It is worth noting that, according to our ISI Web of Science analysis, the BP86 functional is used in 8 % of the articles dealing with late TM but only to 2 % of the articles resorting to DFT in general.

  2. The name of each functional used in this work was searched in journal titles and abstracts from ISI Web of Science (December 27, 2013) for articles published during the 2008–2013 period. According to these data, B3LYP still represents more than 50 % of the references. This remains true even if the search is limited to articles dealing with late transition metals only.

  3. Beware that this corresponds to: \(0.5 E_X^{HF} + 0.5 E_X^{LSDA} + E_C^{LYP}\).

  4. This corresponds to: \( 0.5 E_X^{HF} + 0.5 E_X^{LSDA} + 0.5 \Delta E_X^{B88} + E_C^{LYP}\).

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Acknowledgments

This work was granted access to the HPC resources of IDRIS under the allocations 2012-070609 and 2013-070609 made by GENCI (Grand Équipement National de Calcul Intensif). This work has been achieved partially thanks to the resources of PSMN (Pôle Scientifique de Modélisation Numérique).

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  1. Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 , Lyon Cedex 07, France

    Raymond Grüber & Paul Fleurat-Lessard

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Grüber, R., Fleurat-Lessard, P. Performance of recent density functionals to discriminate between olefin and nitrogen binding to palladium. Theor Chem Acc 133, 1533 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-014-1533-2

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