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Effects of melatonin on cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review

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Abstract

Melatonin, as a neuroendocrine hormone, is produced primarily by the pineal gland. Melatonin, a pleotropic molecule, acts as a free radical scavenger, antioxidant, and regulator of circadian rhythm in mammals via several receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms. This inexpensive, well-tolerated, and multi-target molecule has a great therapeutic potential against many diseases. Many evidences have proposed that melatonin plays a key role in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this paper is to discuss the data and experiments regarding the effects of melatonin in management of cardiovascular risk factors. PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus have been searched for data collection using related keywords. Two hundred ten articles were included in this review from 2253 founded documents. Using these documents, the main mechanisms of action of melatonin are discussed and summarized in this article. Also, recent progresses regarding melatonin’s effects on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis have been reviewed. Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of melatonin in prevention and improving cardiovascular risk factors, and this inexpensive and well-tolerated drug can be strongly proposed in different cardiovascular diseases as well as metabolic syndrome.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Vice Chancellor of the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mohsen Imenshahidi, Golamreza Karimi & Hossein Hosseinzadeh

  2. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mohsen Imenshahidi, Golamreza Karimi & Hossein Hosseinzadeh

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  1. Mohsen Imenshahidi
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  2. Golamreza Karimi
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  3. Hossein Hosseinzadeh
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HH suggested the idea for the article; HH and MI provided the overall concept and framework of the manuscript; MI researched and identified appropriate articles, and wrote the manuscript; HH and GK revised the manuscript; all authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hossein Hosseinzadeh.

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Imenshahidi, M., Karimi, G. & Hosseinzadeh, H. Effects of melatonin on cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 393, 521–536 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-020-01822-4

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