Abstract
We introduce a probabilistic framework for the study of real and complex enumerative geometry of lines on hypersurfaces. This can be considered as a further step in the original Shub–Smale program of studying the real zeros of random polynomial systems. Our technique is general, and it also applies, for example, to the case of the enumerative geometry of flats on complete intersections. We derive a formula expressing the average number \(E_n\) of real lines on a random hypersurface of degree \(2n-3\) in \({\mathbb {R}}{\text {P}}^n\) in terms of the expected modulus of the determinant of a special random matrix. In the case \(n=3\) we prove that the average number of real lines on a random cubic surface in \({\mathbb {R}}{\text {P}}^3\) equals:
This technique can also be applied to express the number \(C_n\) of complex lines on a generic hypersurface of degree \(2n-3\) in \({\mathbb {C}}{\text {P}}^n\) in terms of the expectation of the square of the modulus of the determinant of a random Hermitian matrix. As a special case, we recover the classical statement \(C_3=27\). We determine, at the logarithmic scale, the asymptotic of the quantity \(E_n\), by relating it to \(C_n\) (whose asymptotic has been recently computed in [19]). Specifically we prove that:
Finally we show that this approach can be used to compute the number \(R_n=(2n-3)!!\) of real lines, counted with their intrinsic signs (as defined in [28]), on a generic real hypersurface of degree \(2n-3\) in \({\mathbb {R}}{\text {P}}^n\).
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
“Equivalently” for our purposes, as we will only be interested in properties that depend on the zero set of a polynomial.
Here and below in the paper we use the notation m!! (the “double-factorial”) to denote the product of all positive integers that have the same parity as n; e.g. when \(m=2n-3\) is odd, \((2n-3)!!\) denotes the product of all odd numbers smaller than or equal to \(2n-3\).
In fact recently Kharlamov and Finashin have identified a class of problems for which this type of signed count is defined [15], including some classical Schubert problems.
This inner product has also been referred to as the “Fischer product”, especially in the field of holomorphic PDE (e.g., see [21, Ch. 15, 18]) after H.S. Shapiro made a detailed study [33] reviving methods from E. Fischer’s 1917 paper [16]. The names of H. Weyl, V. Bargmann, and V. A. Fock have also been attached to this inner product.
References
Adler, R.J., Taylor, J.E.: Random Fields and Geometry. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Springer, New York (2007)
Ahlfors, L.V.: Complex Analysis, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1978). An introduction to the theory of analytic functions of one complex variable, International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics
Allcock, D., Carlson, J.A., Toledo, D.: Hyperbolic geometry and moduli of real cubic surfaces. Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. (4) 43(1), 69–115 (2010)
Azais, J.-M., Wschebor, M.: Level Sets and Extrema of Random Processes and Fields. Wiley, Hoboken (2009)
Blum, L., Cucker, F., Shub, M., Smale, S.: Complexity and Real Computation. Springer, New York, (1998). With a foreword by Richard M. Karp
Bürgisser, P., Lerario, A.: Probabilistic Schubert calculus. J. Reine Angew. Math. (Crelle’s Journal) (2018) (published online). https://doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2018-0009
Cayley, A.: A memoir on cubic surfaces. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. I(159), 231–326 (1869)
Debarre, O., Manivel, L.: Sur la variété des espaces linéaires contenus dans une intersection complète. Math. Ann. 312(3), 549–574 (1998)
Dolgachev, I.V.: Classical Algebraic Geometry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2012). A modern view
Edelman, A., Kostlan, E.: How many zeros of a random polynomial are real? Bull. Am. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 32(1), 1–37 (1995)
Edelman, A., Kostlan, E., Shub, M.: How many eigenvalues of a random matrix are real? J. Am. Math. Soc. 7(1), 247–267 (1994)
Eisenbud, D., Harris, J.: 3264 and All That: A Second Course in Algebraic Geometry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2016)
Eremenko, A., Gabrielov, A.: Rational functions with real critical points and the B. and M. Shapiro conjecture in real enumerative geometry. Ann. Math. (2) 155(1), 105–129 (2002)
Finashin, S., Kharlamov, V.: Abundance of real lines on real projective hypersurfaces. Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 16, 3639–3646 (2013)
Finashin, S., Kharlamov, V.: Abundance of 3-planes on real projective hypersurfaces. Arnold Math. J. 1(2), 171–199 (2015)
Fischer, E.: Über die Differentiationsprozesse der Algebra. J. Math. 148, 1–17 (1917)
Fyodorov, Y.V., Lerario, A., Lundberg, E.: On the number of connected components of random algebraic hypersurfaces. J. Geom. Phys. 95, 1–20 (2015)
Goodman, N.R.: Statistical analysis based on a certain multivariate complex Gaussian distribution (an introduction). Ann. Math. Stat. 34, 152–177 (1963)
Grünberg, D.B., Moree, P.: Sequences of enumerative geometry: congruences and asymptotics. Exp. Math. 17(4), 409–426 (2008). With an appendix by Don Zagier
Howard, R.: The kinematic formula in Riemannian homogeneous spaces. Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 106(509), vi+69 (1993)
Khavinson, D., Lundberg, E.: Linear Holomorphic Partial Differential Equations and Classical Potential Theory, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 232. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI (2018)
Kostlan, E.: On the distribution of roots of random polynomials. In: From Topology to Computation: Proceedings of the Smalefest (Berkeley, CA, 1990), pp. 419–431. Springer, New York (1993)
Kostlan, E.: On the expected number of real roots of a system of random polynomial equations. In: Foundations of Computational Mathematics (Hong Kong, 2000), pp. 149–188. World Sci. Publ., River Edge (2002)
Kozlov, S.E.: Geometry of real Grassmannian manifolds. I, II, III. Zap. Nauchn. Sem. S.-Peterburg. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. (POMI) 246(Geom. i Topol. 2), 84–107, 108–129, 197–198 (1997)
Mukhin, E., Tarasov, V., Varchenko, A.: The B. and M. Shapiro conjecture in real algebraic geometry and the Bethe ansatz. Ann. Math. (2) 170(2), 863–881 (2009)
Newman, D.J., Shapiro, H.S.: Certain Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 72, 971–977 (1966)
Nicolaescu, L.I.: A stochastic Gauss–Bonnet–Chern formula. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 165(1–2), 235–265 (2016)
Okonek, C., Teleman, A.: Intrinsic signs and lower bounds in real algebraic geometry. J. Reine Angew. Math. 688, 219–241 (2014)
Rudin, W.: Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1991)
Scarowsky, I.: Quadratic forms in normal variables. M.Sc. Thesis. McGill University (1973)
Schläfli, L.: On the distribution of surfaces of the third order into species, in reference to the absence or presence of singular points, and the reality of their lines. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 153, 193–241 (1863)
Segre, B.: The Non-singular Cubic Surfaces. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1942)
Shapiro, H.S.: An algebraic theorem of E. Fischer, and the holomorphic Goursat problem. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 21(6), 513–537 (1989)
Shub, M., Smale, S.: Complexity of Bezout’s theorem. II. Volumes and probabilities. In: Computational Algebraic Geometry (Nice, 1992), Progr. Math., vol. 109, pp. 267–285. Birkhäuser, Boston (1993)
Shub, M., Smale, S.: Complexity of Bézout’s theorem. I. Geometric aspects. J. Am. Math. Soc. 6(2), 459–501 (1993)
Shub, M., Smale, S.: Complexity of Bezout’s theorem. III. Condition number and packing. J. Complex. 9(1), 4–14 (1993). Festschrift for Joseph F. Traub, Part I
Sottile, F.: Enumerative geometry for the real Grassmannian of lines in projective space. Duke Math. J. 87(1), 59–85 (1997)
Sottile, F.: Pieri’s formula via explicit rational equivalence. Can. J. Math. 49(6), 1281–1298 (1997)
Sottile, F.: Enumerative real algebraic geometry. In: Algorithmic and quantitative real algebraic geometry (Piscataway, NJ, 2001), DIMACS Ser. Discrete Math. Theoret. Comput. Sci., vol. 60, pp. 139–179. American Mathematical Society, Providence (2003)
Sottile, F.: Real Solutions to Equations from Geometry, University Lecture Series, vol. 57. American Mathematical Society, Providence (2011)
Tao, T., Van, V.: A central limit theorem for the determinant of a Wigner matrix. Adv. Math. 231(1), 74–101 (2012)
Turán, P.: On a problem in the theory of determinants. Acta Math. Sin. 5, 411–423 (1955)
Vakil, R.: Schubert induction. Ann. Math. (2) 164(2), 489–512 (2006)
Acknowledgements
The question (1) motivating this paper was posed to the second author by F. Sottile. This paper originated during the stay of the authors at SISSA (Trieste), supported by Foundation Compositio Mathematica. We are very grateful to the anonymous referee whose careful reading and valuable insights improved the exposition dramatically.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Basu, S., Lerario, A., Lundberg, E. et al. Random fields and the enumerative geometry of lines on real and complex hypersurfaces. Math. Ann. 374, 1773–1810 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-019-01837-0
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-019-01837-0