Abstract
Laccases or laccase-like multicopper oxidases have great potential in bioremediation to oxidase phenolic or non-phenolic substrates. However, their inability to maintain stability in harsh environmental conditions and against non-substrate compounds is one of the main reasons for their limited use. The gene (mco) encoding multicopper oxidase from Bacillus mojavensis TH309 were cloned into pET14b( +), expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified as histidine tagged enzyme (BmLMCO). The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 60 kDa. The enzyme exhibited laccase-like activity toward 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP), syringaldazine (SGZ), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). The highest enzyme activity was recorded at 80 °C and pH 8. BmLMCO showed a half-life of ~ 305, 99, 50, 46, 36, and 20 min at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C, respectively. It retained more than 60% of its activity after pre-incubation in the range of pH 5–12 for 60 min. The enzyme activity significantly increased in the presence of 1 mM of Cu2+. Moreover, BmLMCO tolerated various chemicals and showed excellent compatibility with organic solvents. The Michaelis constant (Km) and the maximum velocity (Vmax) values of BmLMCO were 0.98 mM and 93.45 µmol/min, respectively, with 2,6-DMP as the substrate. BmLMCO reduced the antibacterial activity of cefprozil, gentamycin, and erythromycin by 72.3 ± 1.5%, 79.6 ± 6.4%, and 19.7 ± 4.1%, respectively. This is the first revealing shows the recombinant production of laccase-like multicopper oxidase from any B. mojavensis strains, its biochemical properties, and potential for use in bioremediation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Data will be made available on reasonable request.
References
Abdelgalil SA, Soliman NA, Abo-Zaid GA, Abdel-Fattah YR (2022) Bioprocessing strategies for cost-effective large-scale production of bacterial laccase from Lysinibacillus macroides LSO using bio-waste. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:1633–1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03231-3
Adıgüzel AO (2020) Production and characterization of thermo-, halo-and solvent-stable esterase from Bacillus mojavensis TH309. Biocatal Biotransform 38(3):210–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242422.2020.1715370
Ainiwaer A, Liang Y, Ye X, Gao R (2022) Characterization of a novel Fe2+ activated non-blue laccase from Methylobacterium extorquens. Int J Mol Sci 23(17):9804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179804
Al-kahem Al-balawi TH, Wood AL, Solis A, Cooper T, Barabote RD (2017) Anoxybacillus sp. strain UARK-01, a new thermophilic soil bacterium with hyperthermostable alkaline laccase activity. Curr Microbiol 74:762–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-017-1239-5
Al-sareji OJ, Meiczinger M, Somogyi V, Al-Juboori RA, Grmasha RA, Stenger-Kovács C, Jakab M, Hashim KS (2023) Removal of emerging pollutants from water using enzyme-immobilized activated carbon from coconut shell. J Environ Chem Eng 11(3):109803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109803
Atalah J, Blamey JM (2022) Isolation and characterization of a novel laccase from an Antarctic thermophilic Geobacillus. Antarct Sci 34(4):289–297. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000074
Ausec L, Črnigoj M, Šnajder M, Ulrih NP, Mandic-Mulec I (2015) Characterization of a novel high-pH-tolerant laccase-like multicopper oxidase and its sequence diversity in Thioalkalivibrio sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:9987–9999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6843-3
Baltierra-Trejo E, Márquez-Benavides L, Sánchez-Yáñez JM (2015) Inconsistencies and ambiguities in calculating enzyme activity: the case of laccase. J Microbiol Methods 119:126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2015.10.007
Berini F, Verce M, Ausec L, Rosini E, Tonin F, Pollegioni L, Mandić-Mulec I (2018) Isolation and characterization of a heterologously expressed bacterial laccase from the anaerobe Geobacter metallireducens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:2425–2439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8785-z
Birge A, Alcicek EA, Baltaci MO, Sisecioglu M, Adiguzel A (2022) Purification and biochemical characterization of a new thermostable laccase from Enterococcus faecium A2 by a three-phase partitioning method and investigation of its decolorization potential. Arch Microbiol 204(8):533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-03054-x
Brander S, Mikkelsen JD, Kepp KP (2014) Characterization of an alkali-and halide-resistant laccase expressed in E. coli: CotA from Bacillus clausii. PLoS ONE 9(6):e99402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099402
Callejón S, Sendra R, Ferrer S, Pardo I (2016) Cloning and characterization of a new laccase from Lactobacillus plantarum J16 CECT 8944 catalyzing biogenic amines degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(7):3113–3124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7158-0
Carrillo JT, Borthakur D (2022) Heterologous expression and characterization of a thermoalkaliphilic SAM-synthetase from giant leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp glabrata). Plant Physiol Biochem 181:42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.009
Chauhan PS, Jha B (2018) Pilot scale production of extracellular thermo-alkali stable laccase from Pseudomonas sp. S2 using agro waste and its application in organophosphorous pesticides degradation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 93(4):1022–1030. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5454
Cheng CM, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Tsai CH, Chen SY, Chen CW, Di Dong C (2021) Heterologous expression of bacterial CotA-laccase, characterization and its application for biodegradation of malachite green. Bioresour Technol 340:125708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125708
Chopra NK, Sondhi S (2022) Cloning, expression and characterization of laccase from Bacillus licheniformis NS2324 in E. coli application in dye decolorization. Int J Biol Macromol 206:1003–1011
Chung CT, Miller RH (1993) Preparation and storage of competent Escherichia coli cells. Meth Enzymol 218:621–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(93)18045-E
Cilmeli S, Doruk T, Könen-Adıgüzel S, Adıgüzel AO (2022) A thermostable and acidophilic mannanase from Bacillus mojavensis: its sustainable production using spent coffee grounds, characterization, and application in grape juice processing. Biomass Convers Biorefin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02602-1
Claus H, Filip Z (1997) The evidence of a laccase-like enzyme activity in a Bacillus sphaericus strain. Microbiol Res 152(2):209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-5013(97)80014-6
Cordas CM, Nguyen GS, Valério GN, Jønsson M, Söllner K, Aune IH, Wentzel A, Moura JJ (2022) Discovery and characterization of a novel Dyp-type peroxidase from a marine actinobacterium isolated from Trondheim fjord. Norway. J Inorg Biochem 226:111651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111651
Dong CD, Tiwari A, Anisha GS, Chen CW, Singh A, Haldar D, Patel AK, Singhania RR (2023) Laccase: a potential biocatalyst for pollutant degradation. Environ Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.120999
Ekeoma BC, Ekeoma LN, Yusuf M, Haruna A, Ikeogu CK, Merican ZMA, Kamyab H, Pham CQ, Vo DVN, Chelliapan S (2023) Recent advances in the biocatalytic mitigation of emerging pollutants: a comprehensive review. J Biotechnol 369:14–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.05.003
Esmkhani M, Shams S (2022) Cutaneous infection due to Bacillus cereus: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 22(1):393. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07372-9
Fan L, Zhao M, Wang Y (2015) Expression of CotA laccase in Pichia pastoris and its electrocatalytic sensing application for hydrogen peroxide. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:9483–9493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6720-0
García-Delgado C, Eymar E, Camacho-Arévalo R, Petruccioli M, Crognale S, D’Annibale A (2018) Degradation of tetracyclines and sulfonamides by stevensite-and biochar-immobilized laccase systems and impact on residual antibiotic activityJ. Chem Technol Biotechnol 93(12):3394–3409. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5697
Ghatge S, Yang Y, Song WY, Kim TY, Hur HG (2018) A novel laccase from thermoalkaliphilic bacterium Caldalkalibacillus thermarum strain TA2. A1 able to catalyze dimerization of a lignin model compound. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:4075–4086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8898-4
Gigli V, Piccinino D, Avitabile D, Antiochia R, Capecchi E, Saladino R (2022) Laccase mediator cocktail system as a sustainable skin whitening agent for deep eumelanin decolorization. Int J Mol Sci 23(11):6238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116238
Jeon SJ, Park JH (2020) Refolding, characterization, and dye decolorization ability of a highly thermostable laccase from Geobacillus sp. Protein Expr Purif 173:105646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2020.105646
Kalyani DC, Munk L, Mikkelsen JD, Meyer AS (2016) Molecular and biochemical characterization of a new thermostable bacterial laccase from Meiothermus ruber DSM 1279. RSC Adv 6(5):3910–3918. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA24374B
Koschorreck K, Richter SM, Ene AB, Roduner E, Schmid RD, Urlacher VB (2008) Cloning and characterization of a new laccase from Bacillus licheniformis catalyzing dimerization of phenolic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 79:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1417-2
Kumar A, Singh AK, Bilal M, Chandra R (2022) Sustainable production of thermostable laccase from agro-residues waste by Bacillus aquimaris AKRC02. Catal Lett 152(6):1784–1800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-021-03753-y
Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227(5259):680–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0
Li T, Huang L, Li Y, Xu Z, Ge X, Zhang Y, Wang N, Wang S, Yang W, Lu F, Liu Y (2020) The heterologous expression, characterization, and application of a novel laccase from Bacillus velezensis. Sci Total Environ 713:136713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136713
Liu Y, Huang L, Guo W, Jia L, Fu Y, Gui S, Lu F (2017) Cloning, expression, and characterization of a thermostable and pH-stable laccase from Klebsiella pneumoniae and its application to dye decolorization. Process Biochem 53:125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.11.015
Liu J, Li B, Li Z, Yang F, Chen B, Chen J, Li H, Jiang Z (2023) Deciphering the alkaline stable mechanism of bacterial laccase from Bacillus pumilus by molecular dynamics simulation can improve the decolorization of textile dyes. J Hazard Mater 443:130370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130370
Lončar N, Božić N, Vujčić Z (2016) Expression and characterization of a thermostable organic solvent-tolerant laccase from Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a. J Mol Catal B Enzym 134:390–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.06.005
Lou Q, Wu Y, Ding H, Zhang B, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Han L, Liu M, He T, Zhong J (2022) Degradation of sulfonamides in aquaculture wastewater by laccase–syringaldehyde mediator system: Response surface optimization, degradation kinetics, and degradation pathway. J Hazard Mater 432:128647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128647
Lu L, Wang TN, Xu TF, Wang JY, Wang CL, Zhao M (2013) Cloning and expression of thermo-alkali-stable laccase of Bacillus licheniformis in Pichia pastoris and its characterization. Bioresour Technol 134:81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.015
Mandic M, Djokic L, Nikolaivits E, Prodanovic R, O’Connor K, Jeremic S, Topakas E, Nikodinovic-Runic J (2019) Identification and characterization of new laccase biocatalysts from Pseudomonas species suitable for degradation of synthetic textile dyes. Catalysts 9(7):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9070629
Martins LO, Soares CM, Pereira MM, Teixeira M, Costa T, Jones GH, Henriques AO (2002) Molecular and biochemical characterization of a highly stable bacterial laccase that occurs as a structural component of the Bacillus subtilis endospore coat. J Biol Chem 277(21):18849–18859. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200827200
Mathews SL, Smithson CE, Grunden AM (2016) Purification and characterization of a recombinant laccase-like multi-copper oxidase from Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1. J Appl Microbiol 121(5):1335–1345. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13241
Mazmancı B, Könen Adıgüzel S, Sadak YS, Yetkin D, Ay H, Adıgüzel AO (2022) Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using pigment-producing Micromonospora sp. SH121. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2022.2101001
Mehandia S, Sharma SC, Arya SK (2020) Isolation and characterization of an alkali and thermostable laccase from a novel Alcaligenes faecalis and its application in decolorization of synthetic dyes. Biotechnol Rep 25:e00413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00413
Mojtabavi S, Khoshayand MR, Torshabi M, Gilani K, Fazeli MR, Faramarzi MA, Samadi N (2022) Formulation, characterization, and bioactivity assessments of a laccase-based mouthwash. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 69:103128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103128
Nakamura K, Go N (2005) Function and molecular evolution of multicopper blue proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 62:2050–2066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-004-5076-x
Navada KK, Kulal A (2019) Enzymatic degradation of chloramphenicol by laccase from Trametes hirsuta and comparison among mediators. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 138:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.12.012
Neelkant KS, Shankar K, Jayalakshmi SK, Sreeramulu K (2020) Purification, biochemical characterization, and facile immobilization of laccase from Sphingobacterium ksn-11 and its application in transformation of diclofenac. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 192:831–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03371-1
Noby N, Hussein A, Saeed H, Embaby AM (2020) Recombinant cold-adapted halotolerant, organic solvent-stable esterase (estHIJ) from Bacillus halodurans. Anal Biochem 591:113554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2019.113554
Olmeda I, Casino P, Collins RE, Sendra R, Callejon S, Huesa J, Soares AS, Ferrer S, Pardo I (2021) Structural analysis and biochemical properties of laccase enzymes from two Pediococcus species. Microb Biotechnol 14(3):1026–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13751
Parrilli E, Tedesco P, Fondi M, Tutino ML, Giudice AL, de Pascale D, Fani R (2021) The art of adapting to extreme environments: the model system Pseudoalteromonas. Phys Life Rev 36:137–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2019.04.003
Qiu X, Wang S, Miao S, Suo H, Xu H, Hu Y (2021) Co-immobilization of laccase and ABTS onto amino-functionalized ionic liquid-modified magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for pollutants removal. J Hazard Mater 401:123353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123353
Reiss R, Ihssen J, Thöny-Meyer L (2011) Bacillus pumilus laccase: a heat stable enzyme with a wide substrate spectrum. BMC Biotechnol 11(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-11-9
Rezaei S, Shahverdi AR, Faramarzi MA (2017) Isolation, one-step affinity purification, and characterization of a polyextremotolerant laccase from the halophilic bacterium Aquisalibacillus elongatus and its application in the delignification of sugar beet pulp. Bioresour Technol 230:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.036
Roberts MS, Nakamura LK, Cohan FM (1994) Bacillus mojavensis sp. Nov., distinguishable from Bacillus subtilis by sexual isolation, divergence in DNA sequence, and differences in fatty acid composition. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 44(2):256–264. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-44-2-256
Ruijssenaars HJ, Hartmans S (2004) A cloned Bacillus halodurans multicopper oxidase exhibiting alkaline laccase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65:177–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-004-1571-0
Sarafpour M, Alihosseini F, Bayat M (2022) New laccase-mediated system utilized for bio-discoloration of indigo-dyed denim fabrics. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194(12):5848–5861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04066-5
Sharma V, Ayothiraman S, Dhakshinamoorthy V (2019) Production of highly thermo-tolerant laccase from novel thermophilic bacterium Bacillus sp. PC-3 and its application in functionalization of chitosan film. J Biosci Bioeng 127(6):672–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.11.008
Sharma V, Pugazhenthi G, Vasanth D (2022) Production and characterization of a novel thermostable laccase from Bacillus licheniformis VNQ and its application in synthesis of bioactive 1, 4-naphthoquinones. J Biosci Bioeng 133(1):8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.09.008
Sinirlioglu ZA, Sinirlioglu D, Akbas F (2013) Preparation and characterization of stable cross-linked enzyme aggregates of novel laccase enzyme from Shewanella putrefaciens and using malachite green decolorization. Bioresour Technol 146:807–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.032
Solano F, Lucas-Elio P, López-Serrano D, Fernández E, Sanchez-Amat A (2001) Dimethoxyphenol oxidase activity of different microbial blue multicopper proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 204(1):175–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10882.x
Sondhi S, Sharma P, Saini S, Puri N, Gupta N (2014) Purification and characterization of an extracellular, thermo-alkali-stable, metal tolerant laccase from Bacillus tequilensis SN4. PLoS ONE 9(5):e96951. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096951
Stevens JC, Rodgers DW, Dumon C, Shi J (2020) Characterization and enzyme engineering of a hyperthermophilic laccase toward improving its activity in ionic liquid. Front Energy Res 8:158. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00158
Sun F, Yu D, Zhou H, Lin H, Yan Z, Wu A (2023) CotA laccase from Bacillus licheniformis ZOM-1 effectively degrades zearalenone, aflatoxin B1 and alternariol. Food Control 145:109472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109472
Tabor S (1989) DNA ligases. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 8(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142727.mb0314s08
Trubitsina LI, Tishchenko SV, Gabdulkhakov AG, Lisov AV, Zakharova MV, Leontievsky AA (2015) Structural and functional characterization of two-domain laccase from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Biochimie 112:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.005
Unuofin JO, Moubasher HA, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU (2019) Production of polyextremotolerant laccase by Achromobacter xylosoxidans HWN16 and Citrobacter freundii LLJ16. Biotechnol Rep 22:e00337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00337
Vehapi M, Özçimen D (2021) Antimicrobial and bacteriostatic activity of surfactants against B. subtilis for microbial cleaner formulation. Arch Microbiol 203(6):3389–3397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02328-0
Wang H, Huang L, Li Y, Ma J, Wang S, Zhang Y, Ge X, Wang N, Lu F, Liu Y (2020a) Characterization and application of a novel laccase derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Int J Biol Macromol 150:982–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.117
Wang J, Chang F, Tang X, Li W, Yin Q, Yang Y, Hu Y (2020b) Bacterial laccase of Anoxybacillus ayderensis SK3-4 from hot springs showing potential for industrial dye decolorization. Ann Microbiol 70:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-020-01593-6
Waterhouse AM, Procter JB, Martin DM, Clamp M, Barton GJ (2009) Jalview version 2—a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench. Bioinformatics 25(9):1189–1191. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp033
Waterhouse A, Bertoni M, Bienert S, Studer G, Tauriello G, Gumienny R, Heer FT, de Beer TAP, Rempfer C, Bordoli L, Lepore R, Schwede T (2018) SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes. Nucleic Acids Res Spec Publ 46:W296–W303. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky427
Wen X, Zeng Z, Du C, Huang D, Zeng G, Xiao R, Lai C, Xu P, Zhang C, Wan J, Hu L, Yin L, Zhou C, Deng R (2019) Immobilized laccase on bentonite-derived mesoporous materials for removal of tetracycline. Chemosphere 222:865–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.020
Xu R, Tang R, Zhou Q, Li F, Zhang B (2015) Enhancement of catalytic activity of immobilized laccase for diclofenac biodegradation by carbon nanotubes. Chem Eng J 262:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.072
Yan N, Ma H, Yang CX, Liao XR, Guan ZB (2022) Improving the decolorization activity of Bacillus pumilus W3 CotA-laccase to Congo red by rational modification. Enzyme Microb Technol 155:1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109977
Yang L, Wenfeng Z, Yadong L, Xingguo W (2012) Cloning of multicopper oxidase gene from Ochrobactrum sp. 531 and characterization of its alkaline laccase activity towards phenolic substrates. Adv Biol Chem. 2(3):248–255. https://doi.org/10.4236/abc.2012.23031
Zehr BD, Savin TJ, Hall RE (1989) A one-step, low background Coomassie staining procedure for polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 182(1):157–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(89)90734-3
Zhang C, Zhang S, Diao H, Zhao H, Zhu X, Lu F, Lu Z (2013) Purification and characterization of a temperature-and pH-stable laccase from the spores of Bacillus vallismortis fmb-103 and its application in the degradation of malachite green. J Agric Food Chem 61(23):5468–5473. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4010498
Zhang C, You S, Zhang J, Qi W, Su R, He Z (2020) An effective in-situ method for laccase immobilization: excellent activity, effective antibiotic removal rate and low potential ecological risk for degradation products. Bioresour Technol 308:123271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123271
Zhang A, Hou Y, Wang Q, Wang Y (2022) Characteristics and polyethylene biodegradation function of a novel cold-adapted bacterial laccase from Antarctic sea ice psychrophile Psychrobacter sp. NJ228. J Hazard Mater 439:129656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129656
Funding
This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBİTAK) under Project No. 122Z601.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AOA: project administration, validation, data analysis, visualization, writing, and methodology. SK-A: writing, investigation, and validation. SC: formal analysis. BM: methodology, writing, and curation. EY: data analysis, writing, and validation. SÜ-O: methodology, investigation, and validation. NGK: formal analysis. MAM: supervision, writing, and curation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported to the authors. In addition, the authors have no financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
This study does not involve the need for ethical approval.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Additional information
Communicated by Yusuf Akhter.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Adigüzel, A.O., Könen-Adigüzel, S., Cilmeli, S. et al. Heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of thermo- and alkali-tolerant laccase-like multicopper oxidase from Bacillus mojavensis TH309 and determination of its antibiotic removal potential. Arch Microbiol 205, 287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03626-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03626-5