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Optimal allocation of unified power quality conditioner in the smart distribution grids

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Abstract

The optimal operation of current distribution networks has a great importance due to growing electrical demand and significant power losses. In this paper, the optimal allocation of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) in smart grid with responsive loads is investigated as an appropriate solution to reduce power losses. Also, in order to consider different consumption patterns and to predict the demand with the lowest error, different linear and nonlinear models of responsive loads are taken into account. New pricing method in demand response programs (DRPs) is another concept which is developed in the paper by which optimal electricity prices in DRP during peak, off-peak, and valley periods are determined. Moreover, DRPs are prioritized by the Topsis method based on the different Utility’s policies. The final proposed model has been applied on the IEEE 12-bus, IEEE 33-bus, and the practical 94-bus Portuguese RDS distribution system. The results show that the UPQC allocation in the presence of DRPs is a win–win game both for the Utility and for customers.

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Abbreviations

CL i :

Proximity to the ideal option

D :

Decision matrix

E(.):

Element of the price elasticity matrix

H :

Harmonic order

I h j :

jth bus current in the hth harmonic

I h :

Buses injected current for the hth harmonic

I L :

Load current

I L(.):

Load current of each bus

I fL :

Main components of the load current

I lk :

Current in each branch

I Sh :

Injected current of the shunt inverter

I s :

Current source

N Branch :

Number of the network branches

N Bus :

Number of buses

Nh:

Number of harmonic order

N line :

Number of lines

N load :

Number of loads

\( {\text{NSI}}_{a} \) :

Network security index

P Se :

Active power of series inverter

P sh :

Active power of shunt inverter

Q Se :

Reactive power of series inverter

Q sh :

Reactive power of shunt inverter

\( Q_{\text{L}}^{ '} \left( i \right) \) :

Reactive power demand for the ith bus

Q iSe :

Injected reactive power of the series inverter in the ith bus

RPLoss :

Real loss

S Sh :

Steady-state capacity of the shunt inverter

S se :

Series inverter’s capacity

T :

Total time period

THDL :

Total harmonic distortion of the load current

V se :

Voltage of the series inverter

V S :

Voltage source

V DL :

Appropriate load voltage

V L :

Load voltage

V S :

Source voltage

V h j :

jth bus voltage in the hth harmonic

V h :

Buses voltage vectors for the hth harmonic

LODF:

Line outage distribution factor

V 1 j :

Magnitude of the jth bus in the main frequency

V h j :

Voltage magnitude of the jth bus in the hth harmonic

\( {\text{VSF}}_{a} \) :

Voltage stability index

Y h :

Admittance matrix for the hth harmonic

α i :

Phase angle before the UPQC allocation

d max(.):

Maximum demand during T

d min(.):

Minimum demand during T

d max0 (.):

Maximum initial demand during T

d min0 (.):

Minimum initial demand during T

d lin(.):

Linear load model

d pot (.):

Potential load model

d exp (.):

Exponential load model

d log(.):

Logarithmic load model

d 0(.):

Initial demand before DRPs implementation

d − i :

Distance between the option i and the negative ideal option

d + i :

Distance between the option i and the positive ideal option

\( {\text{inc}}\left( {t^{{\prime }} } \right) \) :

Incentive at the tth hour

k :

Index of the transfer bus for the lkth bus

loss0(.):

Initial loss

loss(.):

Loss after DRPs

l :

Index of the receiver bus for the lkth bus

n ij :

jth element of the matrix D

\( {\text{pen}}\left( {t^{{\prime }} } \right) \) :

Penalty at the tth hour

r(lk):

Resistance of the lkth branch

r ij :

Gain obtained by the option i in the criterion

Z(lk):

Impedance of the lkth branch

ρ(.):

Electricity price after the optimal pricing

ρ 0(.):

Initial electricity price

θ se :

Angle between the source voltage and series inverter

θ sh :

Angle between the source voltage and shunt inverter

δ i :

Angle between the load voltage the source voltage in the ith bus

φ :

Angle between the voltage and the load current

δ :

Angle between the load voltage and the voltage source

A/S:

Ancillary services market

CAP:

Capacity market

CPP:

Critical peak pricing

CSA:

Cuckoo search algorithm

DB:

Demand bidding

DE:

Differential evolution

DED:

Dynamic economic dispatch

DFACTS:

Distributed flexible AC transmission system

DGs:

Distributed generations

DLC:

Direct load control

DPTV:

Deviation of peak to valley

DRPs:

Demand response programs

DSM:

Demand-side management

DSTATCOM:

Distribution static compensator

DVR:

Dynamic voltage restorer

EDRP:

Emergency demand response program

ESSs:

Energy storage systems

GLODF:

Generalized line outage distribution factor

ICA:

Imperialist competitive algorithm

I/C:

Interruptible/curtailable service

LF:

Load factor

ISO:

Independent system operator

MCDM:

Multi-criteria decision-making

MIP:

Mixed integer programming

MOSOA:

Multi-objective seeker-optimization-algorithm

PC:

Peak compensate

PDR/PTR:

Peak day rebates/peak time rebates

PEM:

Price elasticity matrix

PLP:

Peak load pricing

PQ:

Power quality

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

PTV:

Peak to valley

RESs:

Renewable energy sources

RTP:

Real-time pricing

SG:

Smart grid

TCPST:

Thyristor-controlled phase shifting transformer

TCSC:

Thyristor-controlled series capacitor

THD:

Total harmonic distortion

TOU:

Time of use

UPQC:

Unified power quality conditioner

VGC:

Vickrey–Clarke–Groves

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Ehsan Dehnavi & Saeed Afsharnia

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

    Khalil Gholami

Authors
  1. Ehsan Dehnavi
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  2. Saeed Afsharnia
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  3. Khalil Gholami
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Correspondence to Saeed Afsharnia.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Table 3.

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Dehnavi, E., Afsharnia, S. & Gholami, K. Optimal allocation of unified power quality conditioner in the smart distribution grids. Electr Eng 101, 1277–1293 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-019-00861-2

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