Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Temperature-driven controllable deformation in 4D printing through programmable heterogeneous laminated bilayer structure

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the field of four-dimensional (4D) printing deformation, shape memory deformation can be achieved by changing printing parameters or materials. However, the effect of different thickness ratios between heterogeneous layers of the bilayer structure on deformation in 4D printing is still an unknown factor. A method for programming the fiber arrangement direction and the thickness ratio of the polylactic acid (PLA) layer and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) layer was proposed to achieve temperature-driven controllable deformation of the heterogeneous laminated bilayer structure. Three-dimensional (3D) printing method based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was used to print homogeneous laminated structures, material distribution structures, and heterogeneous laminated bilayer structures, respectively. The thermal strain of homogeneous laminated structures with different fiber arrangement direction of PLA and TPU materials was analyzed. The effect of four printed material distribution structures on bending angle and bending response time of temperature-driven deformation in 4D printing was analyzed. The deformation performance of heterogeneous laminated bilayer structures with different thickness ratios between PLA layer and TPU layer were studied through a combination of theoretical analysis and experimental verification. The experimental results show that the bending curvature of the bilayer structure with the thickness ratio of 7:5 (PLA: TPU) is the maximum that is 1.11 cm−1. Four cross-shaped components were designed to demonstrate the programmability of heterogeneous laminated bilayer structure in 4D printing, and the controllable deformation of the programmable bilayer structure was verified through the printed rosette structure. Therefore, programming the fiber arrangement direction and the thickness ratio of the heterogeneous bilayer structure is an effective strategy for achieving temperature-driven controllable deformation in 4D printing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

This article contains all the data gathered or analyzed during this study.

References

  1. Mitchell A, Lafont U, Holynsk M, Semprimoschnig C (2018) Additive manufacturing-a review of 4D printing and future applications. Addit Manuf 24:606–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ghazal AF, Zhang M, Guo ZM (2023) Microwave-induced rapid 4D change in color of 3D printed apple/potato starch gel with red cabbage juice-loaded WPI/GA mixture. Food Res Int 172:113138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Peng X, Liu GA, Wang J, Li JQ, Wu HP, Jiang SF, Yi B (2023) Controllable deformation design for 4D-printed active composite structure: optimization, simulation, and experimental verification. Compos Sci Technol 243:110265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mahmood A, Akram T, Shenggui C, Chen HF (2023) Revolutionizing manufacturing: a review of 4D printing materials, stimuli, and cutting-edge applications. Compos Part B-Eng 266:110952. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023110952

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu ZX, Li QF, Bian WF, Lan X, Liu YJ, Leng JS (2019) Preliminary test and analysis of an ultralight lenticular tube based on shape memory polymer composites. Compos Struct 223:110936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.110936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhao H, Huang YM, Lv FT, Liu LB, Gu Q, Wang S (2021) Biomimetic 4D-printed breathing hydrogel actuators by nanothylakoid and thermoresponsive polymer networks. Adv Funct Mater 31(49):2105544. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202105544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Abdollahi A, Ansari Z, Akrami M, Akrami M, Haririan I, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Irani M, Kamankesh M, Ghobadi E (2023) Additive manufacturing of an extended-release tablet of tacrolimus. Materials 16:4927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144927

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Rastpeiman S, Panahi Z, Akrami M, Haririan I, Asadi M (2023) Facile fabrication of an extended‐release tablet of ticagrelor using three dimensional printing technology. J Biomed Mater Res A: 37603. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37603

  9. Khalid MY, Arif ZU, Ahmed W, Umer R, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M (2022) 4D printing: technological developments in robotics applications. Sensor Actuat A-Phys 343:113670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zolfagharian A, Gharaie S, Kouzani AZ, Lakhi M, Ranjbar S, Dezaki ML, Bodaghi M (2022) Silicon-based soft parallel robots 4D printing and multiphysics analysis. Smart Mater Struct 31(11):115030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ac976c

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dezaki ML, Bodaghi M (2023) Shape memory meta-laminar jamming actuators fabricated by 4D printing. Soft Matter 19(12):2186–2203. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sm00106g

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang H, Huang S, Sheng J, Fan LS, Zhou JZ, Shan MY, Wei JA, Wang C, Yang HW, Lu JZ (2022) 4D printing of Ag nanowire-embedded shape memory composites with stable and controllable electrical responsivity: implications for flexible actuators. ACS Appl Nano Mater 5(5):6221–6231. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c00264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wu P, Yu TY, Chen MJ, Hui DV (2022) Effect of printing speed and part geometry on the self-deformation behaviors of 4D printed shape memory PLA using FDM. J Manuf Process 84:1507–1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.11.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zarek M, Layani M, Ido C, Ela S, Daniel C, Shlomo M (2016) 3D printing of shape memory polymers for flexible electronic devices. Adv Mater 28(22):4449–4454. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Shao YC, Long F, Zhao ZH, Fang JHL, Guo JJ, Shi XL, Sun AH, Xu GJ, Cheng YC (2023) 4D printing light-driven soft actuators based on liquid-vapor phase transition composites with inherent sensing capability. Chem Eng J 454(2):140271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Xiang HP, Yin JF, Lin GH, Liu XX, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ (2019) Photo-crosslinkable, self-healable and reprocessable rubbers. Chem Eng J 358:878–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Asadi M, Salehi Z, Akrami M, Akrami M, Hosseinpour M, Jockenhövel S, Ghazanfari S (2023) 3D printed pH-responsive tablets containing N-acetylglucosamine-loaded methylcellulose hydrogel for colon drug delivery applications. Int J Pharm 645:123366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lai JH, Ye XL, Liu J, Wang C, Li JZ, Wang X, Ma MZ, Wang M (2021) 4D printing of highly printable and shape morphing hydrogels composed of alginate and methylcellulose. Mater Des 205:109699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang FH, Wen N, Wang LL, Bai YQ, Leng JS (2021) Design of 4D printed shape-changing tracheal stent and remote controlling actuation. Int J Smart Nano Mater 12(4):375–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2021.1974972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hong Y, Mrinal M, Phan HS, Tran VD, Liu XC, Luo C (2022) In-situ observation of the extrusion processes of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid for material extrusion additive manufacturing. Adv Mater 49:102507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu H, Wang FF, Wu WY, Dong XF, Sang L (2023) 4D printing of mechanically robust PLA/TPU/Fe3O4 magneto-responsive shape memory polymers for smart structures. Compos B Eng 248:110382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Vozniak I, Beloshenko V, Vozniak A, Zairi F, Galeski A, Rozanski A (2023) Interfaces generation via severe plastic deformation - a new way to multiple shape memory polymer composites. Polymer 267:125653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang JC, Wang ZG, Song ZY, Ren LQ, Liu QP, Ren L (2019) Programming multistage shape memory and variable recovery force with 4D printing parameters. Adv Mater Technol 4(11):1900535. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Jiang YX, Leng J, Zhang J (2021) A high-efficiency way to improve the shape memory property of 4D-printed polyurethane/polylactide composite by forming in situ microfibers during extrusion-based additive manufacturing. Adv Mater 38:101718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101718

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kotz F, Arnold K, Bauer W, Schild D, Keller N, Sachsenheimer K, Nargang TM, Richter C, Helmer D, Rapp BE (2017) Three-dimensional printing of transparent fused silica glass. Nature 544(7650):337–339. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22061

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Akbar I, El Hadrouz M, El Mansori M, Lagoudas D (2022) Toward enabling manufacturing paradigm of 4D printing of shape memory materials: open literature review. Eur Polym J 168:111106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dong K, Panahi-Sarmad M, Cui ZY, Huang XY, Xiao XL (2021) Electro-induced shape memory effect of 4D printed auxetic composite using PLA/TPU/CNT filament embedded synergistically with continuous carbon fiber: a theoretical & experimental analysis. Compos B Eng 220:108994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108994

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dong XY, Zhang FH, Wang LL, Liu YJ, Leng JS (2022) 4D printing of electroactive shape-changing composite structures and their programmable behaviors. Compos Part A Appl 157:106925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.106925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang QR, Tian XY, Zhang DK, Zhou YL, Yan WQ, Li DC (2023) Programmable spatial deformation by controllable off-center freestanding 4D printing of continuous fiber reinforced liquid crystal elastomer composites. Nat Commun 14:3869. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39566-3

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Zeng CJ, Liu LW, Bian WF, Leng JS, Liu YJ (2021) Bending performance and failure behavior of 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composite corrugated sandwich structures with shape memory capability. Compos Struct 262:113626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Van Manen T, Janbaz S, Zadpoor AA (2017) Programming 2D/3D shape-shifting with hobbyist 3D printers. Mater Horiz 4(6):1064–1069. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MH00269F

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Song JJ, Feng YX, Wang Y, Zeng SY, Hong ZX, Qin H, Tan JR (2021) Complicated deformation simulating on temperature-driven 4D printed bilayer structures based on reduced bilayer plate model. Appl Math Mech-Engl 42:1619–1632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-021-2788-9

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhang JF, Ji DB, Yang X, Zhou XL, Yin ZF (2022) 4D printing of bilayer structures with programmable shape-shifting behavior. J Mater Sci 57(46):21309–21323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07981-4

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zou Y, Huang ZY, Li XY, Lv PY (2021) 4D printing pre-strained structures for fast thermal actuation. Front Mater 8:661999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.661999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hosseinzadeh M, Ghoreishi M, Narooei K (2023) 4D printing of shape memory polylactic acid beams: an experimental investigation into FDM additive manufacturing process parameters, mathematical modeling, and optimization. J Manuf Process 85:774–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.12.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kechagias JD, Vidakis N, Petousis M (2023) Parameter effects and process modeling of FFF-TPU mechanical response. Mater Manuf Process 38(3):341–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2021.2001523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Goo B, Hong CH, Park K (2020) 4D printing using anisotropic thermal deformation of 3D-printed thermoplastic parts. Mater Des 188:108485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wang Q, Tian XY, Huang L, Li DC, Malakhov AV, Polilov AN (2018) Programmable morphing composites with embedded continuous fibers by 4D printing. Mater Des 155:404–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Jin ZQ, Hu G, Zhang ZZ, Yu SY, Gu GX (2023) Modeling and analysis of post-processing conditions on 4D-bioprinting of deformable hydrogel-based biomaterial inks. Bioprinting 33:E00286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2023.e00286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Nezhad IS, Golzar M, Behravesh AH, Zare S (2022) Comprehensive study on shape shifting behaviors in FDM-based 4D printing of bilayer structures. J Adv Manuf Technol 120:959–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08741-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Koh TY, Sutradhar A (2022) Untethered selectively actuated microwave 4D printing through ferromagnetic PLA. Addit Manuf 56:102866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102866

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Zarna C, Rodríguez-Fabià S, Echtermeyer AT, Chinga-Carrasco G (2022) Preparation and characterisation of biocomposites containing thermomechanical pulp fibres, poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene-adipate-terephthalate) or poly(hydroxyalkanoates) for 3D and 4D printing. Addit Manuf 59:103166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education Cooperative Education Project (220506058211135), Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province (LGG20E050023), and National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in 2023 (202310354055).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China

    Chengcheng Li

  2. College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China

    Ting Wu, Libing Zhang, Haijun Song, Chengli Tang & Mengjie Wu

Authors
  1. Chengcheng Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ting Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Libing Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Haijun Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chengli Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mengjie Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Chengcheng Li contributed to conceptualization, material, methodology, validation, investigation, writing manuscripts. Ting Wu participated in the review and editing, development of methodology, conceptualization, project management, and funding acquisition. Libing Zhang was involved in the review, editing, supervision, project management, funding acquisition, and conceptualization. Haijun Song, Chengli Tang, and Mengjie Wu contributed to formula analysis and data collation.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ting Wu or Libing Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

None of the studies mentioned in this article contain any human participation. Also, no animals were harmed during these experiments.

Consent to participate

All authors agreed with the consent to participate.

Consent for publication

The authors provide their consent to publish this article.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, C., Wu, T., Zhang, L. et al. Temperature-driven controllable deformation in 4D printing through programmable heterogeneous laminated bilayer structure. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 131, 1241–1253 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13130-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13130-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation