Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructure and characterization of Ti–Al explosive welding composite plate

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The interface characteristics and microstructure formation of TA2-5083 composite plate after explosive welded were studied. Optical microscope and electron microscope were used to analyze the microstructure of intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, ANSYS/AUTODYN was adopted to calculate the characteristics of interface microstructure simulated by the smooth-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The results show that most molten metal in the wave front stays in the wave-waist region. There was a relative velocity difference between the vortex of molten metal and the titanium tissue, resulting in that broken titanium particles being scoured by vortexes. Ti3Al was generated in the vortex, whose antioxidant capacity wound lead to the formation of cracks. Consider soldering in a vacuum environment or adding an intermediate layer to reduce interfacial defects. The temperature of the outer vortex was higher than that of inner vortex, and the vortex has a transition layer of 5 μm, which is thinner than the transition layer of 10 μm between the fly and base plate. The jet of molten metal was mostly composed of aluminum, with the jet velocity of interface reaching 3000 m·s−1 and the interface temperature rising up to 2100 K. Compared with the molten metal in the wave-back vortex, the jet temperature at the interface was higher, resulting in a thicker transition layer at the bonding surface.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

References

  1. Becker N, Gauthier D, Vidal EE (2020) Fatigue properties of steel to aluminum transition joints produced by explosion welding. Int J Fatigue 139:105736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Xu JF, Yang M, Ma HH, Shen ZW, Chen ZJ (2020) Fabrication and performance studies on explosively welded CuCrZr/316L bimetallic plate applied in extreme environments. J Mater Res Technol 9:8971–8884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.05.115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Paul H, Chulist R, Lityńska-Dobrzyńska L, Prażmowski M, Faryna M, Mania I, Szulc Z, Miszczyk MM, Kurek A (2021) Interfacial reactions and microstructure related properties of explosively welded tantalum and steel sheets with copper interlayer. Mater Des 208:109873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Li JX, Panton B, Liang SX, Vivek A, Daehn G (2020) High strength welding of NiTi and stainless steel by impact: process, structure and properties. Mater Today Commun 25:101306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Yang M, Ma HH, Shen ZW, Huang ZH, Tian QC, Tian J (2020) Dissimilar material welding of tantalum foil and Q235 steel plate using improved explosive welding technique. Mater Des 186:108348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sun ZR, Shi CG, Shi H, Li F, Gao L, Wang GZ (2020) Comparative study of energy distribution and interface morphology in parallel and double vertical explosive welding by numerical simulations and experiments. Mater Des 195:109027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Wu XM, Shi CG, Fang ZH, Lin SL, Sun ZR (2021) Comparative study on welding energy and Interface characteristics of titanium-aluminum explosive composites with and without interlayer. Mater Des 197:109279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sun ZR, Shi CG, Xu F, Feng K, Zhou CH, Wu XM (2020) Detonation process analysis and interface morphology distribution of double vertical explosive welding by SPH 2D/3D numerical simulation and experiment. Mater Des 191:108630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Böhm M, Kowalski M (2020) Fatigue life estimation of explosive cladded transition joints with the use of the spectral method for the case of a random sea state. Mar Struct 71:102739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhao H (2020) Characterization of the microstructure and bonding properties of zirconium-carbon steel clad materials by explosive welding. Scanning 2020:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8881898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Lu LY, Su Y, Chen J, Fang Y, Xia XY, Yu J (2020) Study on microstructure and properties of TA1-304 stainless steel explosive welding cladding plate. Mater Res Express 7:026557. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab7357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang TT, Wang WX, Yan ZF, Zhang J (2021) Interfacial morphology and bonding mechanism of explosive weld joints. Chin J Mech Eng-En 34(8):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-020-00495-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chulist R, Fronczek DM, Szulc Z, Wojewoda-Budka J (2017) Texture transformations near the bonding zones of the three-layer Al/Ti/Al explosively welded clads. Mater Charact 129:242–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.05.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Qin L, Wang J, Wu Q, Guo XZ, Tao J (2017) In-situ observation of crack initiation and propagation in Ti/Al composite laminates during tensile test. J Alloys Compd 712:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cui Y, Liu D, Fan MY, Deng GP, Sun LX, Zhang Y, Chen D, Zhang ZW (2020) Microstructure and mechanical properties of TA1/3A21 composite plate fabricated via explosive welding. Mater Sci Technol 36(4):425–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1706905

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Fronczek DM, Chulist R, Litynska-Dobrzynska L, Lopez GA, Wierzbicka-Miernik A, Schell N, Szulc Z, Wojewoda-Budka J (2017) Microstructural and phase composition differences across the interfaces in al/ti/al explosively welded clads. Metall Mater Trans A 48A:4154–4165. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11661-017-4169-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kwasniak P, Garbacz H (2021) Ab initio study of the influence of alloying elements on stability and mechanical properties of selected TixAly intermetallic compounds and their TixAly/Al, TixAly/Ti interfaces in explosively welded metal–metal composites. Metall Mater Trans A 52A:5032–5042. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11661-021-06449-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Deribas AA, Kudinov M, Fl M, Simonov VA (1967) Determination of the impact parameters of flat plates in explosive welding. Combust Explos Shock Waves 3(2):182–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00748745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Deribas AA, Kudinov M, Fl M (1967) Effect of the initial parameters on the process of wave formation in explosive welding. Combust Explos Shock Waves 3:344–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00741684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hoseini-Athar MM, Tolaminejad B (2015) Weldability window and the effect of interface morphology on the properties of Al/Cu/Al laminated composites fabricated by explosive welding. Mater Des 86:516–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang M, Xu JF, Ma HH, Lei MZ, Ni XJ, Shen ZW, Zhang BY, Tian J (2021) Microstructure development during explosive welding of metal foil: morphologies, mechanical behaviors and mechanisms. Compos B 212:108685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Chu QL, Zhang M, Li JH, Yan C (2017) Experimental and numerical investigation of microstructure and mechanical behavior of titanium/steel interfaces prepared by explosive welding. Mater Sci Eng A 689:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang X, Zheng YY, Liu HX, Shen ZB, Hu Y, Li W, Gao YY, Guo C (2012) Numerical study of the mechanism of explosive/impact welding using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. Mater Des 35:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.09.047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang Q, Li XJ, Shi BM, Wu Y (2020) Experimental and numerical studies on preparation of thin AZ31b/AA5052 composite plates using improved explosive welding technique. Metals 10:1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10081023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang XP, Luo BQ, Wu G, Wang GJ, Tan FL, Zhao JH, Sun CW (2018) Yield behavior of polystyrene at strain rate 106/s under quasi-isentropic compression. Mech Mater 124:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2018.05.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Akbari-Mousavi SAA, Riahi M, Hagh-Parast A (2007) Experimental and numerical analyses of explosive free forming. J Mater Process Technol 187–188:512–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Rushton N, Schleyer GK, Clayton AM, Thompson S (2008) Internal explosive loading of steel pipes. Thin Wall Struct 46:870–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.01.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kwiecien I, Wierzbicka-Miernik A, Szczerba M, Bobrowski P, Szulc Z, Wojewoda-Budka J (2021) On the disintegration of A1050/Ni201 explosively welded clads induced by long-term annealing. Materials 14:2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112931

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhou Q, Liu R, Zhou Q, Chen PW, Zhu L (2021) Microstructure characterization and tensile shear failure mechanism of the bonding interface of explosively welded titanium-steel composite. Mater Sci Eng A 820:141559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zeng XY, Li XQ, Li XJ, Mo F, Yan HH (2019) Numerical study on the effect of thermal conduction on explosive welding interface. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 104:2607–2617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04054-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Bahrani AS, Black TJ, Crossland B (1967) The mechanics of wave formation in explosive welding. Proc R Soc Lond A 296:1445. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1967.0010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wu XM, Shi CG, Feng K, Gao L, Li WX, Qian K (2021) Experimental and numerical approach to titanium-aluminum explosive welding. Mater Res Express 8:096503. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac2017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Ye CQ, Zhai WG, Lu GY, Liu QS, Ni L, Ye L, Fang X (2021) Effect of secondary explosive welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of 10CrNi3MoV steel-based composite plates. Metall Mater Trans A 52A:1568–1573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06190-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Knaislova A, Novak P, Cabibbo M, Jaworska L, Vojtech D (2021) Development of TiAl-Si alloys–a review. Materials 14(4):1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14041030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Yin YC, Zhu S, Chang Q, Wang WY, Gao GY, Wang XM, Yang S, Han GF (2021) Improved wear resistance and mechanical properties of Al matrix with TiAl-based coatings. Surf Eng 37(11):1440–1448. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2021.1971431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lawson S, Baamran K, Newport K, Alghamadi T, Jacobs G, Rezaei F, Rownaghi AA (2022) Integrated direct air capture and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with CO2 at isothermal conditions. Appl Catal B 303:120907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Froncze DM, Chulist R, Litynska-Dobrzynska L, Kac S, Schell N, Kania Z, Szulc Z, Wojewoda-Budka J (2017) Microstructure and kinetics of intermetallic phase growth of three-layered A1050/AZ31/A1050 clads prepared by explosive welding combined with subsequent annealing. Mater Des 130:120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Sun L, Hui W, Zhou Y, Zhai WY, Dong H, Liu YM, Gao Q, Dang MH, Peng JH (2020) The electronic structural and elastic properties of Mg23Al30 intermediate phase under high pressure. Curr Comput-Aided Drug Des 10(8):642. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Zheng B, Zhao L, Hu XB, Dong SJ, Li H (2019) First-principles studies of Mg17Al12, Mg2Al3, Mg2Sn, MgZn2, Mg2Ni and Al3Ni phases. Phys B 560:255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.11.067

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 11872002), Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (1808085QA06), and Postdoctoral Foundation of Anhui Province (2019B355).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan, 232001, People’s Republic of China

    Zhi-Xiong Bi

  2. School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan, 232001, People’s Republic of China

    Zhi-Xiong Bi, Xue-Jiao Li, Ting-Zhao Zhang, Quan Wang, Kai Rong, Xian-De Dai & Yong Wu

Authors
  1. Zhi-Xiong Bi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xue-Jiao Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ting-Zhao Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Quan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kai Rong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xian-De Dai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yong Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ZB conceived and designed the experiments and wrote the paper; XL performed the experiments and analyzed the experimental data. TZ designed and carried out explosive welding experiments. QW, KR, XD, and YW co-wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xue-Jiao Li.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bi, ZX., Li, XJ., Zhang, TZ. et al. Microstructure and characterization of Ti–Al explosive welding composite plate. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 123, 1825–1833 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10027-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10027-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation