Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improved corrosion resistant and strength of a magnesium alloy using multi-directional forging (MDF)

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Extruded Mg alloy (ZAXM4211) was subjected to multi-directional forging (MDF) at different temperatures from 180 to 300 °C. Microstructure was analyzed using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Tensile and compression properties were evaluated and corrosion behavior was examined using electrochemical and immersion corrosion tests. It was found that the increase in MDF temperature decreased the yield strength due to an increase in the grain size. Furthermore, the corrosion rate was decreased as the MDF temperature was increased could be due to the dissolution of the second phases, which was further substantiated by the image analysis and scanning Kelvin probe force microscope (SKPFM) studies. The relationship between yield strength and grain size and furthermore, corrosion rate and second phases were quantitatively analyzed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.

References

  1. Cao F, Shi Z, Song G-L, Liu M, Dargusch MS, Atrens A (2015) Influence of hot rolling on the corrosion behavior of several Mg–X alloys. Corros Sci 90:176–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Witte F (2010) The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: a review. Acta Biomater 6(5):1680–1692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Abu Leil T, Hort N, Dietzel W, Blawert C, Huang Y, Kainer KU, Rao KP (2009) Microstructure and corrosion behavior of Mg-Sn-Ca alloys after extrusion. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 19(1):40–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ben-Haroush M, Ben-Hamu G, Eliezer D, Wagner L (2008) The relation between microstructure and corrosion behavior of AZ80 Mg alloy following different extrusion temperatures. Corros Sci 50(6):1766–1778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Idris MH, Abdul-Kadir MR, Ourdjini A, Medraj M, Daroonparvar M, Hamzah E (2014) Mechanical and bio-corrosion properties of quaternary Mg–Ca–Mn–Zn alloys compared with binary Mg–Ca alloys. Mater Des 53:283–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lee CD, Kang CS, Shin KS (2000) Effect of galvanic corrosion between precipitate and matrix on corrosion behavior of As-cast magnesium-aluminum alloys. Met Mater 6(4):351–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ralston KD, Birbilis N, Davies CHJ (2010) Revealing the relationship between grain size and corrosion rate of metals. Scr Mater 63(12):1201–1204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Birbilis N, Ralston KD, Virtanen S, Fraser HL, Davies CHJ (2010) Grain character influences on corrosion of ECAPed pure magnesium. Corros Eng Sci Technol 45(3):224–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Aung NN, Zhou W (2010) Effect of grain size and twins on corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy. Corros Sci 52(2):589–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Song D, Ma A, Jiang J, Lin P, Yang D, Fan J (2010) Corrosion behavior of equal-channel-angular-pressed pure magnesium in NaCl aqueous solution. Corros Sci 52(2):481–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kim HS, Kim WJ (2014) Annealing effects on the corrosion resistance of ultrafine-grained pure titanium. Corros Sci 89:331–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Shin KS, Bian MZ, Nam ND (2012) Effects of crystallographic orientation on corrosion behavior of magnesium single crystals. JOM 64(6):664–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hagihara K, Okubo M, Yamasaki M, Nakano T (2016) Crystal-orientation-dependent corrosion behaviour of single crystals of a pure Mg and Mg-Al and Mg-Cu solid solutions. Corros Sci 109:68–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Birbilis N, Easton MA, Sudholz AD, Zhu SM, Gibson MA (2009) On the corrosion of binary magnesium-rare earth alloys. Corros Sci 51(3):683–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cao F, Shi Z, Song G-L, Liu M, Atrens A (2013) Corrosion behaviour in salt spray and in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 of as-cast and solution heat-treated binary Mg–X alloys: X=Mn, Sn, Ca, Zn, Al, Zr, Si, Sr. Corros Sci 76:60–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sadeghi A, Hasanpur E, Bahmani A, Shin KS (2018) Corrosion behaviour of AZ31 magnesium alloy containing various levels of strontium. Corros Sci 141:117–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Song G, Atrens A (2003) Understanding magnesium corrosion—a framework for improved alloy performance. Adv Eng Mater 5(12):837–858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cao F, Song G-L, Atrens A (2016) Corrosion and passivation of magnesium alloys. Corros Sci 111:835–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Atrens A, Song G-L, Liu M, Shi Z, Cao F, Dargusch MS (2015) Review of recent developments in the field of magnesium corrosion. Adv Eng Mater 17(4):400–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G (2006) Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials 27(9):1728–1734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Diez M, Kim H-E, Serebryany V, Dobatkin S, Estrin Y (2014) Improving the mechanical properties of pure magnesium by three-roll planetary milling. Mater Sci Eng A 612:287–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ebrahimi M, Zarei-Hanzaki A, Abedi HR, Azimi M, Mirjavadi SS (2017) Correlating the microstructure to mechanical properties and wear behavior of an accumulative back extruded Al-Mg2Si in-situ composite. Tribol Int 115:199–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Azimi M, Mirjavadi SS, Salandari-Rabori A (2018) Effect of temperature on microstructural evolution and subsequent enhancement of mechanical properties in a backward extruded magnesium alloy. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 95(9):3155–3166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Choi JW, Shin KS (2017) Effects of Zn content and initial grain size on double peak basal textures of Mg-Zn-Al alloys. Met Mater Int 23(4):745–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Park SJ, Jung HC, Shin KS (2017) Deformation behaviors of twin roll cast Mg-Zn-X-Ca alloys for enhanced room-temperature formability. Mater Sci Eng A 679:329–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Park JW, Park SJ, Shin KS (2017) Effects of tensile twinning on the stretch formability of Mg. Met Mater Int 23(3):444–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Nourollahi GA, Farahani M, Babakhani A, Mirjavadi SS (2013) Compressive deformation behavior modeling of AZ31 magnesium alloy at elevated temperature considering the strain effect. Mater Res 16:1309–1314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Bahmani A, Hatami N, Varahram N, Davami P, Shabani MO (2013) A mathematical model for prediction of microporosity in aluminum alloy A356. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 64(9):1313–1321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bahmani A, Eisaabadi GB, Davami P, Varahram N, Shabani MO (2014) Effects of hydrogen level and cooling rate on ultimate tensile strength of Al A319 alloy. Russ J Non-Ferrous Met 55(4):365–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Shabani MO, Bahmani A, Mazahery A, Davami P, Varahram N (2011) Solidification of A356 Al alloy: experimental study and modeling. Kov Mater 49:253–264

    Google Scholar 

  31. Song D, Ma AB, Jiang JH, Lin PH, Yang DH, Fan JF (2011) Corrosion behaviour of bulk ultra-fine grained AZ91D magnesium alloy fabricated by equal-channel angular pressing. Corros Sci 53(1):362–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Hamu GB, Eliezer D, Wagner L (2009) The relation between severe plastic deformation microstructure and corrosion behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy. J Alloys Compd 468(1-2):222–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Naseri R, Kadkhodayan M, Shariati M (2017) An experimental investigation of casing effect on mechanical properties of billet in ECAP process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Arokiasamy S, Ronald A (2017) Experimental investigations on the enhancement of mechanical properties of magnesium-based hybrid metal matrix composites through friction stir processing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Liu G, Ma Z, Wei G, Xu T, Zhang X, Yang Y, Xie W, Peng X (2019) Microstructure, tensile properties and corrosion behavior of friction stir processed Mg-9Li-1Zn alloy. J Mater Process Technol 267:393–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kim MG, Kim WJ, Kim G-h, Cho K-K, Han JH, Kim HS (2018) Microstructural evolution and electrochemical properties of HRDSR AZ61-X (X = Ca, Ti) alloys. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 18(9):6081–6089(9)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kim WJ, Lee YG, Lee MJ, Wang JY, Park YB (2011) Exceptionally high strength in Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy processed by high-ratio differential speed rolling. Scr Mater 65:1105–1108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Uematsu Y, Kakiuchi T, Miura H, Nozaki T (2016) Effect of grain size on fatigue behavior in AZ61 Mg alloys fabricated by MDFing. Mater Trans 57(9):1454–1461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Miura H, Nakamura W, Kobayashi M (2014) Room-temperature multi-directional forging of AZ80Mg alloy to induce ultrafine grained structure and specific mechanical properties. Procedia Eng 81:534–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Miura H, Yu G, Yang X (2011) Multi-directional forging of AZ61Mg alloy under decreasing temperature conditions and improvement of its mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 528(22-23):6981–6992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ansarian I, Shaeri MH, Ebrahimi M, Minárik P, Bartha K (2019) Microstructure evolution and mechanical behaviour of severely deformed pure titanium through multi directional forging. J Alloys Compd 776:83–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Miura H, Maruoka T, Jonas JJ (2013) Effect of ageing on microstructure and mechanical properties of a multi-directionally forged Mg–6Al–1Zn alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 563:53–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Arthanari S, Jang JC, Shin KS (2017) Corrosion behavior of high pressure die cast Al-Ni and Al-Ni-Ca alloys. Corros Sci Technol 3:100–108

    Google Scholar 

  44. Arthanari S, Jang JC, Shin KS (2018) Corrosion studies of high pressure die-cast Al-Si-Ni and Al-Si-Ni-Cu alloys. J Alloys Compd 749:146–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Bahmani A, Arthanari S, Shin KS (2019) Corrosion behavior of Mg–Mn–Ca alloy: Influences of Al, Sn and Zn. J Magnesium Alloys

  46. Cao F (2015) Corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of magnesium alloys, University of Queensland PhD Thesis

  47. Shi Z, Cao F, Song G-L, Liu M, Atrens A (2013) Corrosion behaviour in salt spray and in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 of as-cast and solution heat-treated binary Mg–RE alloys: RE=Ce, La, Nd, Y, Gd. Corros Sci 76:98–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Meyers MA, Chawla KK (2008) Mechanical behavior of materials. Cambridge University Press

  49. Saraf L (2017) Kernel average misorientation confidence index correlation from FIB sliced Ni-Fe-Cr alloy surface. Microsc Microanal 17(S2):424–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Silva RA, Pinto AL, Kuznetsov A, Bott IS (2018) Precipitation and grain size effects on the tensile strain-hardening exponents of an API X80 steel pipe after high-frequency hot-induction bending. Metals 8(3):168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Dieter GE, Bacon D (1988) Mechanical metallurgy. McGraw-Hill

  52. Meng L, Yang P, Xie Q, Mao W (2008) Analyses on compression twins in magnesium. Mater Trans 49(4):710–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Atrens A, Song G-L, Cao F, Shi Z, Bowen PK (2013) Advances in Mg corrosion and research suggestions. J Magnesium Alloys 1(3):177–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Lee CD, Kang CS, Shin KS (2000) Effect of galvanic corrosion between precipitate and matrix on corrosion behavior of as-cast Mg-Al alloys. Met Mater 6:351–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Melitz W, Shen J, Kummel AC, Lee S (2011) Kelvin probe force microscopy and its application. Surf Sci Rep 66(1):1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Ben-Hamu G, Eliezer D, Shin KS (2007) The role of Si and Ca on new wrought Mg–Zn–Mn based alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 447(1-2):35–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Hurley MF, Efaw CM, Davis PH, Croteau JR, Graugnard E, Birbilis N (2015) Volta potentials measured by scanning kelvin probe force microscopy as relevant to corrosion of magnesium alloys. Corrosion 71(2):160–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Cha PR, Han HS, Yang GF, Kim YC, Hong KH, Lee SC, Jung JY, Ahn JP, Kim YY, Cho SY, Byun JY, Lee KS, Yang SJ, Seok HK (2013) Biodegradability engineering of biodegradable Mg alloys: tailoring the electrochemical properties and microstructure of constituent phases. Sci Rep 3:2367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Baek S-M, Kang JS, Shin H-J, Yim CD, You BS, Ha H-Y, Park SS (2017) Role of alloyed Y in improving the corrosion resistance of extruded Mg–Al–Ca-based alloy. Corros Sci 118:227–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. F Cao (2015 ) Corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of magnesium alloys, PhD Thesis

  61. Tong LB, Zhang QX, Jiang ZH, Zhang JB, Meng J, Cheng LR, Zhang HJ (2016) Microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion resistances of extruded Mg-Zn-Ca-xCe/La alloys. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 62:57–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Song G, Bowles AL, StJohn DH (2004) Corrosion resistance of aged die cast magnesium alloy AZ91D. Mater Sci Eng A 366(1):74–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Bi G, Li Y, Zang S, Zhang J, Ma Y, Hao Y (2014) Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg–2Dy–xZn (x=0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 at.%) alloys. J Magnesium Alloys 2(1):64–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation grant (2015R1A2A1A01006795) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea through the Research Institute of Advanced Materials.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Magnesium Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea

    Ahmad Bahmani, Srinivasan Arthanari & Kwang Seon Shin

  2. School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, College of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

    Ahmad Bahmani

Authors
  1. Ahmad Bahmani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Srinivasan Arthanari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kwang Seon Shin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kwang Seon Shin.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Fig. S1

(a) The average misorientation of the (a) extruded and (b) MDF300 alloys. The left images are kernel average misorientation and right ones are local average misorientation (LAM). (PNG 6297 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bahmani, A., Arthanari, S. & Shin, K.S. Improved corrosion resistant and strength of a magnesium alloy using multi-directional forging (MDF). Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105, 785–797 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04176-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04176-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation