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Current trends in the anterior cruciate ligament part II: evaluation, surgical technique, prevention, and rehabilitation

  • KNEE
  • Published:
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Aims and scope

Abstract

Clinical evaluation and management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most widely researched topics in orthopedic sports medicine, giving providers ample data on which to base their practices. The ACL is also the most commonly treated knee ligament. This study reports on current topics and research in clinical management of ACL injury, starting with evaluation, operative versus nonoperative management, and considerations in unique populations. Discussion of graft selection and associated procedures follows. Areas of uncertainty, rehabilitation, and prevention are the final topics before a reflection on the current state of ACL research and clinical management of ACL injury.

Level of evidence V.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reproduced from: Treatment after anterior cruciate ligament injury: Panther Symposium ACL Treatment Consensus Group. Diermeier T, et al. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 28(8):2390–2402©2020 with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd

Fig. 3

Reproduced from: Kaeding CC, et al. Sports Health 3(1):73–81. Allograft versus autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: predictors of failure from a MOON prospective longitudinal cohort. ©2011 by SAGE Publications

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Acknowledgements

The authors dedicate this work to the life and legacy of Dr. Freddie Fu. Through his charisma, love of orthopaedics, and passion for teaching, Dr. Fu directly touched the lives of tens of thousands of orthopaedic surgeons, young and old, domestic and from afar. His lessons of respecting the past, doing the right thing for patients, and working hard with a smile on your face are qualities that each of us strive to achieve in both our careers as well as our personal lives. Mentors like Dr. Fu come once in a lifetime. Although he is irreplaceable, he has forged a path for many of us to continue his legacy and carry forth the lessons he so graciously taught us during his lifetime.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UPMC Freddie Fu Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3200 South Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Volker Musahl, Ian D. Engler, Ehab M. Nazzal, Jonathan F. Dalton, Gian Andrea Lucidi, Jonathan D. Hughes & Freddie H. Fu

  2. IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

    Gian Andrea Lucidi & Stefano Zaffagnini

  3. The Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Jonathan D. Hughes & Jon Karlsson

  4. Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy

    Francesco Della Villa

  5. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    James J. Irrgang

  6. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    James J. Irrgang

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  1. Volker Musahl
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VM, IDE, EMN, JFD, GAL, JDH, and FDV contributed to manuscript writing and editing. SZ, JJI, and JK contributed to editing. FHF contributed to the groundwork for this manuscript and inspiration for its production. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Musahl, V., Engler, I.D., Nazzal, E.M. et al. Current trends in the anterior cruciate ligament part II: evaluation, surgical technique, prevention, and rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 30, 34–51 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06825-z

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