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Impacts of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Bacterial Communities, Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Paddy Soil Under Rice-Wheat Rotation

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Abstract

The responses of sulfonamides, sulfonamide-resistance genes (sul) and soil bacterial communities to different fertilization regimes were investigated by performing a field experiment using paddy soil with no fertilizer applied, chemical fertilizer applied, organic fertilizer applied, and combination of chemical and organic fertilizer applied. Applying organic fertilizer increased the bacterial community diversity and affected the bacterial community composition. Eutrophic bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria) were significantly enriched by applying organic fertilizer. It was also found organic fertilizer application increased sulfamethazine content and the relative abundances of sul1 and sul2 in the soil. In contrast, applying chemical fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of Nitrospirae, Parcubacteria, and Verrucomicrobia and caused no obvious changes on sul. Correlation analysis indicated that sul enrichment was associated with the increases in sulfamethazine content and potential hosts (e.g., Novosphingobium and Rhodoplanes) population. The potential ecological risks of antibiotics in paddy soil with organic fertilizer applied cannot be ignored.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 21876083 and 41571130061). We thank Gareth Thomas, PhD, from Liwen Bianji (Edanz) (https://www.liwenbianji.cn), for editing the language of a draft of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, 210046, Nanjing, China

    Fen Xu, Fuxun Ai, Ying Yin & Hongyan Guo

  2. Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, China

    Guofeng Sun

  3. School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, 210036, Nanjing, China

    Wenchao Du

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  1. Fen Xu
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  2. Guofeng Sun
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  4. Fuxun Ai
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  5. Ying Yin
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Correspondence to Hongyan Guo.

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Xu, F., Sun, G., Du, W. et al. Impacts of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Bacterial Communities, Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Paddy Soil Under Rice-Wheat Rotation. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 110, 20 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-022-03642-z

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