Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possible acute toxic and genotoxic effects of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) on Artemia salina. Genotoxicity was evaluated using single-cell gel electrophoresis and apoptotic frequency assays (Annexin V-FITC/PI assay). Acute toxicity test results showed that TCC (LC50–24 h = 17.8 µg/L) was more toxic than TCS (LC50–24 h = 171.1 µg/L). Significant increases in both genotoxic biomarkers were observed at 24 h after initial exposure, indicating that these two chemicals are potentially dangerous for this aquatic biological model. Although further studies are required, a comparison of data both in vitro and in vivo allowed us to suggest possible mechanisms of action for TCS and TCC in this sentinel organism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn KC, Zhao B, Chen J, Cherednichenko G, Sanmarti E, Denison MS, Lasley B, Pessah IN, Kultz D, Chang DPY, Gee SJ, Hammock BD (2008) In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: receptor-based bioassay screens. Environ Health Perspect 116(9):1203–1210
Aranami K, Readman JW (2007) Photolytic degradation of ticlosan in freshwater and seawater. Chemosphere 66(6):1052–1056
Binelli A, Cogni D, Parolini M, Riva C, Provini A (2009) In vivo experiments for the evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Triclosan in Zebra mussel hemocytes. Aquat Toxicol 91:238–244
Brausch JM, Rand GM (2011) A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere 82(11):1518–1532
Chen F, Ying GG, Yang JF, Zhao JP, Wang L (2010) Rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater irrigated soils. J Environ Sci Heal B 45(7):682–693
Cooke MS, Evans MD, Dizdaroglu M, Lunec J (2003) Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease. FASEB J 17(10):1195–1214
Dixon JD (1998) Asymptotically fast factorization of integers. Math Comp 36(153):255–260
Faust M, Altenburger R, Backhaus T, Blanck H, Boedeker W, Gramatica P, Hamer V, Scholze M, Vighi M, Grimme LH (2003) Joint algal toxicity of 16 dissimilarly acting chemicals is predictable by the concept of independent action. Aquat Toxicol 63(1):43–63
Halden RU, Paull DH (2005) Co-occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in U.S. water resources. Environ Sci Technol 39(6):1420–1426
Heath RJ, Li J, Roland GE, Rock CO (2000) Inhibition of the Staphylococcus aureus NADPH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier proteinreductase by triclosan and hexachlorophene. J Biol Chem 275(7):4654–4659
Kirkland DJ, Hayashi M, Jacobson-Kram D, Kasper P, MacGregor JT, Muller L, Uno Y (2011) Summary of major conclusions from the 5th IWGT. Mutat Res 723:73–76
Marigómez I, Soto M, Orbea A, Cancio I, Cajaraville MP (2004) Biomonitoring of environmental pollution along the Basque coast, using molecular, cellular and tissue-level biomarkers: an integrative approach. In: Borja A, Collins M (eds) Oceanography and marine environment of the Basque country. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 335–364
Moore MN, Allen J, Icarus MA (2006) Environmental prognostics: an integrated model supporting lysosomal stress responses as predictive biomarkers of animal health status. Mar Environ Res 61(3):278–304
Overbeeke R, Steffens-Nakken H, Vermes I, Reutelingsperger C, Haanen C (1998) Early features of apoptosis detected by four different flow cytometry assays. Apoptosis 3(2):115–121
Richardson SD (2010) Environmental mass spectrometry: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 82(12):4742–4774
Sánchez-Fortún S, Sanz F, Barahona MV (1996) Acute toxicity of several organophosphorous insecticides and protection by cholinergic antagonists and 2-PAM on Artemia salina larvae. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 31(3):391–398
Sánchez-Fortún S, Sanz F, Santa-Maria A, Ros JM, De Vicente ML, Encinas MT, Vinagre E, Barahona MV (1997) Acute sensitivity of three age classes of Artemia salina larvae to seven chlorinated solvents. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59(3):445–45112
Triclocarban Consortium (2002) High production volume (HPV) chemical challenge program data availability and screening level assessment for triclocarban CAS 101-20-2. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington
Zhao XJ, Cai L (2007) Comparison of three methods of DNA extraction from Artemia. J Inner Mongolia Univ Sci Technol 26:63–66 (in Chinese)
Acknowledgments
The authors of this study express their gratitude to National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY14C030004), Academic Climbing Project for Young and Middle-aged Leads in Universities of Zhejiang Province (pd2013339), and Analysis Project in Application Research of Zhejiang Province Public Technology (2013C37082), and Academic Youth Project of Zhejiang Shuren University, for financial supports of this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, X., Lu, Y., Zhang, D. et al. Toxic Assessment of Triclosan and Triclocarban on Artemia salina . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 95, 728–733 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1641-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1641-2