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Does the longitudinal association between neighbourhood cohesion and mental health differ by ethnicity? Results from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey

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Abstract

Purpose

While the association between neighbourhood cohesion and mental health has been widely studied in the general population, the effects of neighbourhood cohesion across ethnic groups are not well understood. Ethnicity is often left out of study design, many studies do not consider effect modification by ethnicity, or they rely on overly simplistic ethnic categories.

Methods

Data from the UK household longitudinal study were used to investigate whether changes in neighbourhood cohesion are independently associated with changes in mental health (measured using the GHQ) over 9 years (2009–2018), and whether the association differed across 17 ethnic groups. The study used a fixed-effect modeling approach that includes within-person estimators that allow each participant to act as their own control.

Results

Compared to British White, the following ethnic groups all saw a similar improvement in GHQ (− 0.76, 95% CI − 0.83 to − 0.70) for each point increase in neighbourhood cohesion: Irish, any other White, White and Asian mixed, Chinese, Caribbean, African, any other Black, Arab, and others. Some ethnic groups saw stronger improvements in mental for each point increase in neighbourhood cohesion, including White and Black Caribbean mixed, any other mixed, Indian, Pakistani, any other Asian, with the strongest effect seen in Bangladeshi participants (− 2.52. 95% CI − 3.48 to − 1.56).

Conclusion

Our study highlights the importance of ethnocultural data in research examining neighbourhood effects on mental health. Future research should evaluate policies to improve neighbourhood cohesion for ethnic minorities to address ethnic mental health disparities.

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Data availability

Waves 1–9 of UKHLS data are available from the UK Data Service.

Code availability

Codes will be provided upon request.

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Funding

Funding for the project is provided through research start-up funds from Brock University, Faculty of Applied Health Science, to the project principal investigator, Antony Chum. The funder had no role in determining the topic, scope, or interpretation of study results.

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Author notes

  1. Antony Chum and Celine Teo contributed equally to this paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 4A, Canada

    Antony Chum, Celine Teo & Karanpreet Kaur Azra

  2. MAP Center for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, M5V 1W8, Canada

    Antony Chum

Authors
  1. Antony Chum
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  2. Celine Teo
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  3. Karanpreet Kaur Azra
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AC, CT, and KA all drafted the manuscript. KA and CT performed the statistical analyses. KA performed the data cleaning. AC and CT conceived the idea of the study. AC provided the funding for the study.

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Correspondence to Antony Chum.

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Chum, A., Teo, C. & Azra, K.K. Does the longitudinal association between neighbourhood cohesion and mental health differ by ethnicity? Results from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey . Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 57, 859–872 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02125-6

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