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Psychological distress in torture survivors: pre- and post-migration risk factors in a US sample

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Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the relationships between sociodemographic, pre- and post-migration variables with prevalence of psychological distress and global functioning in a heterogeneous sample of torture survivors.

Methods

Clients referred from resettlement agencies via the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) to a community clinic in the United States (N = 278) were interviewed with structured, translated questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses determined the associations of sociodemographic, pre-, and post-migration risk factors with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and global functioning.

Results

Regression data indicate that length of time between arrival in US and clinical services was significantly associated with PTSD and depression; participants receiving services after 1 year of resettlement were more likely to experience PTSD (adjusted OR = 3.29) and depression (adjusted OR = 4.50) than participants receiving services within 1 year. Anxiety was predicted by female gender (adjusted OR = 3.43), age over 40 years (adjusted OR = 3.12), Muslim religion (adjusted OR = 2.64), and receiving medical services (AOR 3.1). Severely impaired global functioning was associated with female gender (adjusted OR = 2.75) and unstable housing status (adjusted OR = 2.21).

Conclusion

Findings highlight the importance of examining post-migration variables such as length of time in country prior to receiving services in addition to pre-migration torture history upon relocated torture survivors. Clinicians and policy-makers should be aware of the importance of early mental health screening and intervention on reducing the psychiatric burden associated with torture and forced relocation.

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by a grant from the Stanford Office of Community Health. We also wish to express our appreciation to James Livingston, PhD, Sarita Kohli, LMFT and Armina Husic for their support, and to the clinicians of the Center for Survivors of Torture who are dedicated to serving this community. We also thank all of the participants who made this research possible.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Survivors of Torture, Asian Americans for Community Involvement, 2400 Moorpark Ave, San Jose, CA, 95128, USA

    Suzan J. Song

  2. Research Professor and Associate Dean of Research, University of Southern California, School of Social Work, Hamovitch Center for Science in the Human Services, 1150 S. Olive Street Room 1426, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA

    Charles Kaplan

  3. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St. #5041, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Wietse A. Tol

  4. Psychology Applied Research Center, Loyola Marymount University, 1 LMU Dr., Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA

    Andrew Subica

  5. Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Suzan J. Song & Joop de Jong

  6. Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA

    Joop de Jong

  7. Emeritus Prof of Cultural and International Psychiatry VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Joop de Jong

Authors
  1. Suzan J. Song
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  2. Charles Kaplan
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  3. Wietse A. Tol
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  4. Andrew Subica
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  5. Joop de Jong
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suzan J. Song.

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Song, S.J., Kaplan, C., Tol, W.A. et al. Psychological distress in torture survivors: pre- and post-migration risk factors in a US sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50, 549–560 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0982-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0982-1

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