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Mineralogy, fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Jinchanghe Zn-Pb-Fe-Cu skarn deposit in southwestern China

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Abstract

Jinchanghe is a Zn-Pb-Fe-Cu skarn deposit in the northern Baoshan block, southwestern China. It is a typical distal skarn deposit with orebodies in the Cambrian Hetaoping Formation limestone and calcareous siltstone. The skarn minerals display a vertical zonation with garnet skarn in the lower part and pyroxene skarn in the upper part. Economic metals are also zoned with Fe at the base, Cu in the middle, and Zn-Pb in the upper part. The skarn formation and Zn-Pb-Fe-Cu mineralization is divided into four paragenetic stages: a pre-ore stage dominated by prograde garnet and pyroxene, an oxide stage represented by Fe mineralization associated with retrograde ilvaite, actinolite and epidote alteration, a sulfide stage characterized with Cu–Zn-Pb sulfides, and a post-ore stage with barren calcite, quartz and chlorite.

Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates that the hydrothermal fluids of the Jinchanghe skarn system evolved from the pre-ore stage (450–480 °C and 11.7–15.5 °C wt% NaCl equiv), through the oxide stage (230–280 °C and 6.5–12.2 wt% NaCl equiv), the sulfide stage (190–230 °C and 1.3–10.3 wt% NaCl equiv), and eventually to the post-ore stage (120–180 °C and 1.6–4.6 wt% NaCl equiv). Correspondingly, the δ18Ofluid values decrease from 1.8–7.1‰ to 1.0–6.4‰, -1.0 to 1.3‰, and -3.6 to -1.4‰. This indicates that the pre-ore fluids comprise a magmatic component but mixed with some meteoric water, and in the later stages meteoric water has become dominant in the hydrothermal system. Zinc and sulfur isotope compositions reveal that the Zn and S forming the sulfides have a dominantly magmatic origin.

The coupled decreases of fluid temperature, salinity, and δ18Ofluid values during the mineralization indicate simultaneous mixing with meteoric water and ore precipitation, suggesting that fluid mixing was critical in ore deposition. The gradual increase of δ13CCO2 values in equilibrium with the hydrothermal calcite (-5.2 to -1.6‰) from the sulfide stage to the post-ore is attributed to the reaction between the fluids and the carbonate wallrocks, implying a role that fluid-rock interaction has taken in the sulfide deposition. Fluid mixing and fluid-carbonate reaction are the two major factors controlling the formation of the Jinchanghe deposit.

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Acknowledgements

The research was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91855217, 92155305, 42322206, and 42262011), the Beijing Nova Program (20220484089), the 111 Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (BP0719021), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. 2652023001, 3-7-8-2023-09). We are deeply grateful to the geologists in the Jinchanghe deposit for their supports to our fieldwork, and also thank Sheng-Ao Liu for his assistance during the Zn isotopic analysis. We appreciate the editorial handling and comments by the chief editor Georges Beaudoin and associate editor Zhaoshan Chang. We would like to thank Marta Franchini, Nils Jansson, and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful reviews, which have helped significantly improve the quality of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Frontiers Science Center for Deep-Time Digital Earth, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China

    Jun Deng, Fuchuan Chen, Qihai Shu, Qingfei Wang, Gongjian Li, Xiaolin Cui & Xinwei Hu

  2. Geological Research Institute of Shandong Gold Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250013, China

    Jun Deng

  3. Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Sciences and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China

    Fuchuan Chen

  4. Economic Geology Research Centre and Academic Group of Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Fuchuan Chen

  5. State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China

    Qingfei Wang

  6. School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China

    Xiaolin Cui

  7. Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway

    Jan Marten Huizenga

  8. Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa

    Jan Marten Huizenga

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  1. Jun Deng
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  2. Fuchuan Chen
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  3. Qihai Shu
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  6. Xiaolin Cui
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  7. Jan Marten Huizenga
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  8. Xinwei Hu
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Contributions

Jun Deng designed the research project. Jun Deng, Fuchuan Chen, Qihai Shu, Gongjian Li and Qingfei Wang conducted the field investigation and sample analyses. Jun Deng and Fuchuan Chen interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript, with helpful input of all other authors.

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Correspondence to Jun Deng.

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Deng, J., Chen, F., Shu, Q. et al. Mineralogy, fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Jinchanghe Zn-Pb-Fe-Cu skarn deposit in southwestern China. Miner Deposita 59, 795–813 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01234-3

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