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The role of mantle melting in granite-associated hydrothermal systems: He–Ar isotopes in fluids responsible for Sn–Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization in northeast China

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Abstract

The relationship between Sn–Ag mineralization and mantle magmatism is a topic of high interest in current ore deposit research. Here, we investigate porphyry-, skarn-, and cassiterite-sulfide type Sn-polymetallic deposits associated with granitoids and vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn deposits hosted in sub-volcanic rocks in the southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR), northeast China, as a case example. We use He, Ar, and S isotopes and isotopic end-member simulation calculations to determine the contribution of mantle-derived fluids/melts to the ore mineralization. Our He–Ar isotope data demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids are mixtures of shallow crust-derived fluid containing radiogenic 4He but no radiogenic 40Ar and magmatic fluids with mantle-derived 3He and 40Ar. The Pb–Zn–Ag deposits have a higher contribution of magmatic volatiles than the Sn-polymetallic deposits. Sulfide δ34S values of − 2.7 to − 0.6‰ in the Pb–Zn–Ag deposits are consistent with a magmatic sulfur source, whereas sulfides with δ34S values of − 12.2 to − 0.15‰ in the Sn-polymetallic deposits signal a possibly bimodal source of sulfur, i.e., crustal light sulfur mixed with magmatic sulfur. The noble gas compositions of the ore fluids are controlled by crustal thickness, high 3He fluxes (24 to 404 at/s/cm2), and low residence time (1 to 18 Myr) of He in the asthenosphere below the SGXR. Non-equilibrium open-system magma degassing is evidenced by the range of elevated values of 4He/40Ar* ratios (4.8–127). The 3He/heat ratio of the ore fluids from the Sn and Pb–Zn–Ag deposits overlap (0.01–0.76 × 10−2 cm3 STP J−1 (cubic centimeter at standard temperature and pressure per joule) and 0.02–1.08 × 10−2 cm3 STP J−1, respectively), indicating a consequence of conduction of mantle-derived heat across the magma-hydrothermal interface. Furthermore, an increasing abundance of Sn reserves in the SGXR deposits can be equated with an increase in the mantle-derived He component in the ore fluids. These findings suggest that a continuous flux of mantle-derived fluids/melts plays an essential role in Sn–Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Antony Burnham for assistance in checking the English in an early version of the manuscript and for general advice. Feng Liu and Chao Duan are thanked for providing assistance during He–Ar isotope analyses of the ore minerals and valuable discussions. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Bernd Lehmann (Editor-in-Chief), Nicolas J. Saintilan (Associate Editor), and reviewer Ray Burgess for all detailed and helpful remarks, as well as constructive comments, which have improved the quality of this paper substantially.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program (Grant No. 2022YF101900 and No. 2022YF101901), the CAGS Research Fund (Grant No. KK2208), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41772084).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, 100037, China

    Zhenhua Zhou, Jingwen Mao, Xinkai Chen, Hegen Ouyang, Xu Gao & Jiaqi Zhao

  2. Isotope Geosciences Unit, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK

    Finlay M. Stuart

  3. The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia

    Simon A. Wilde

  4. Institut Für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3, 30167, Hannover, Germany

    Xu Gao

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  1. Zhenhua Zhou
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Contributions

Conceptualized, written, and illustrated by Zhenhua Zhou and Xinkai Chen; text modified and extended by Jingwen Mao, FM Stuart, and SA Wilde; material preparation, data collection and analysis, and methodology performed by Zhenhua Zhou, Xinkai Chen, and Xu Gao. Field-work and sample collection were completed by Hegen Ouyang, Xu Gao, and Jiaqi Zhao. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the data and read and approved the final manuscript.

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Supplementary Information

Supplementary Fig. 1

Simplified geological map (a) and geological section along the A-A’ exploration line (b) of the Daolundaba deposit (modified after Chen et al. 2021). (PNG 967 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 2746 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Sketch map of spatial distribution of main orebodies in the Weilasituo deposit (modified after Zhou et al. 2019). (PNG 335 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 954 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 3

(a) Geological section along exploration line 70 of no. I district at the Huanggang deposit. (b) Geological section along exploration line 418 of no. III district at the Huanggang deposit (modified after Mei et al. 2015). (PNG 491 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 1418 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 4

Compilation of S-Pb isotopes of Sn and Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in the SGXR. The S-Pb isotope data and sources are summarized in Supplementary Table 3. The S-Pb isotopic compositions of sulfide ores are mostly close to that of the ore-related granites, but the S isotopes of ores from Sn deposits shows a wider and more variable range than that of the ore-related granites, suggesting mixed sources. (PNG 401 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 1410 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

(XLSX 24 kb)

Supplementary Table 2

(XLSX 31 kb)

Supplementary Table 3

(XLSX 36 kb)

ESM 1

(XLSX 17 kb)

ESM 2

(DOCX 15 kb)

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Zhou, Z., Mao, J., Stuart, F.M. et al. The role of mantle melting in granite-associated hydrothermal systems: He–Ar isotopes in fluids responsible for Sn–Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization in northeast China. Miner Deposita 58, 1421–1443 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01186-8

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