Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Paleoproterozoic gold events in the southern West African Craton: review and synopsis

  • Article
  • Published:
Mineralium Deposita Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The southern part of the West African Craton includes the Baoulé-Mossi Domain, the world’s premier Paleoproterozoic gold province (~10,000 metric ton gold endowment). Structural, metamorphic, and geochronological data suggest gold mineralisation occurred during three episodes that span much of the Eoeburnean and Eburnean orogenic cycles. Eoeburnean orogenic and rare skarn-hosted gold deposits formed between ca. 2200 and 2135 Ma during repeated episodes of volcanism, plutonism, and shortening, which thickened the Paleoproterozoic crust. Early Eburnean orogenic and placer gold deposits formed between ca. 2110 and 2095 Ma during inversion, metamorphism, and subsequent oblique shortening of intra-orogenic basins filled after ca. 2135 Ma. This episode of mineralisation terminated when the Baoulé-Mossi Domain docked with the Archean Kénéma-Man Domain at ca. 2095 Ma. Late Eburnean orogenic and less common intrusion-related gold deposits formed between ca. 2095 and 2060 Ma during strike-slip to oblique-slip tectonics, post-collisional high-K plutonism and crustal reworking across the western and southern Baoulé-Mossi Domain. Eoeburnean gold deposits include ca. 10 % of the gold endowment of the Baoulé-Mossi Domain, whereas the Early Eburnean and Late Eburnean deposits include ca. 50–70% and 20–40%, respectively. Here, we highlight the favourable confluence of accretion-collision tectonics, involving juvenile crust formation as well as protracted magmatic, metamorphic, and deformation histories that resulted in diachronous gold events spread over at least 100 myr throughout the Baoulé-Mossi Domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abouchami W, Boher M, Michard A, Albarede F (1990) A major 2.1 Ga event of mafic magmatism in West Africa: an early stage of crustal accretion. J Geophys Res 95:17605–17629

    Google Scholar 

  • Adadey K, Clarke B, Théveniaut H, Urien P, Delor C, Roig JY, Feybesse JL (2009) Geological map explanation - map sheet 0503 B at 1:100 000. Geol Survey Dep Ghana

  • Adou M, Delor C, Siméon Y, Zamblé Z, Konan G, Yao BD, Vidal M, Diaby I, Cautru JP, Chiron JC, Dommanget A, Cocherie A (1995) Carte géologique de la Côte d’Ivoire 1:200 000 feuill Abengourou. Direction des mines et de la géologie, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

  • Agyei-Duodu J, Loh GK, Boamah KO, Baba M, Hirdes W, Toloczyki M, Davis DW (2009) Geological map of Ghana 1:1 000 000. Geol Survey Dep Ghana

  • Allibone AH, McCuaig TC, Harris D, Etheridge MA, Munroe S, Byrne D, Amanor J, Gyapong W (2002a) Structural controls on gold mineralisation at the Ashanti gold deposit, Obuasi, Ghana. Econ Geol Spec Pub 9:65–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Allibone AH, Teasdale J, Cameron G, Etheridge MA, Uttlev P, Soboh A, Appiah-Kubi J, Adanu A, Arthur R, Mamphey J, Odoom B, Zuta J, Tsikata A, Patave F, Famiyeh S, Lamb E (2002b) Timing and structural controls on gold mineralisation at the Bogoso gold mine, Ghana, West Africa. Econ Geol 97:949–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Allibone A, Hayden P, Cameron G, Duku F (2004) Paleoproterozoic gold deposits hosted by albite- and carbonate-altered tonalite in the Chirano district, Ghana, West Africa. Econ Geol 99:479–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Allibone A, Lawrence D, Scott J, Fanning M, Lambert-Smith J, Harbidge R, Vargas C, Turnbull R, Holliday J (2020) Paleoproterozoic golf deposits of the Loulo district, western Mali. Econ Geol in press

  • Amponsah PO, Salvi S, Béziat D, Siebenaller L, Baratoux L, Jessell M (2016) Geology and geochemistry of the shear-hosted Julie gold deposit, NW Ghana. J Afr Earth Sci 112:505–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Appiah H (1991) Geology and mine exploration trends of Prestea goldfields. Ghana: J Afr Earth Sci 13:235–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Asanko Mining Ltd (2018) Annual report, available online from https://www.asanko.com

  • Attoh K, Evans MJ, Bickford ME (2006) Geochemistry of an ultramafic-rodingite rock association in the Paleoproterozoic Dixcove greenstone belt, southwestern Ghana. J Afr Earth Sci 45:333–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustin J, Gaboury D (2017) Paleoproterozoic plume-related basaltic rocks in the Mana district in western Burkina Faso, West Africa: implications for exploration and the source of gold in orogenic gold deposits. J Afr Earth Sci 129:17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustin J, Gaboury D, Crevier M (2017) Structural and gold mineralizing evolution of the world-class orogenic Mana district, Burkina Faso: multiple mineralizing events over 150 Ma. Ore Geol Rev 91:981–1012

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayer J, Amelin Y, Corfu F, Kamo S, Ketchum J, Kwok K, Trowell N (2002) Evolution of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt based on U-Pb geochronology: autochtonous volcanic construction followed by plutonism, regional deformation and sedimentation. Precambrian Res 115:63–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Baah-Danso E (2011) The structural evolution of the Subika deposit, Ahafo, Sefwi belt, Ghana. The University of Western Australia, MSc. thesis, 82p

  • Ballo I, Hein KA, Guindo B, Sanogo L, Ouologuem Y, Daou G, Traore A (2016) The Syama and Tabakoroni goldfields, Mali. Ore Geol Rev 78:578–585

    Google Scholar 

  • Baratoux L, Metelka V, Naba S, Jessell MW, Grégoire M, Ganne J (2011) Juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust evolution during the Eburnean orogeny (ca. 2.2–2.0 Ga), western Burkina Faso. Precambrian Res 191:18–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Begg GC, Griffin WL, Natapov LM, Grand SP, O’Neill CJ, Hronsky JMA, Poudjom Djomani Y, Swain CJ, Deen T, Bowden P (2009) The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology, and tectonic evolution. Geosphere 5:25–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Berring D, Brinckmann J, Camara N, Diawara M, Gast L, Kieita S (1998) Etude evaluation de l’inventaire des resources minerales de Guinée, projet 94.2025.8, 109p

  • Bierlein FP, Groves DI, Goldfarg RJ, Dubé B (2006) Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits. Mineral Deposita 40:874–886

    Google Scholar 

  • Blenkinsop T, Mumm AS, Kumi R, Sangmor S (1994) Structural geology of the Ashanti mine. Geol Jahrb D100:131–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Block S, Ganne J, Baratoux L, Zeh A, Parra-Avila L, Jessell M, Ailleres L, Siebenaller L (2015) Petrological and geochronological constraints on lower crust exhumation during Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) orogeny, NW Ghana, West African Craton. J Metamorph Geol 33:463–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Block S, Jessell M, Aillères L, Baratoux L, Bruguier O, Zeh A, Bosch D, Caby R, Mensah E (2016) Lower crust exhumation during Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) orogeny, NW Ghana, West African Craton: interplay of coeval contractional deformation and extensional gravitational collapse. Precambrian Res 274:82–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Boher M, Abouchami W, Michard A, Albarede F, Arndt N (1992) Crustal growth in West Africa at 2.1 Ga. J Geophys Res 97:345–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonhomme M (1962) Contribution a l’étude géochronologique de la plate forme de l’Ouest Africain: Annual Fac. Sci Uni Clermont-Ferrand Geol Mineral 5:62

    Google Scholar 

  • Bossière G, Bonkoungou I, Peucat JJ, Pupin JP (1996) Origin and age of Paleoproterozoic conglomerates and sandstones of the Tarkwaian group in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Precambrian Res 80:153–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourassa Y (2003) Wassa geology, unpublished internal report to Golden Star Resources Ltd., 34p

  • Brownscombe W (2009) The Tinga anomaly: a new style of gold mineralisation in Ghana? University of Oxford, MSc. thesis, 117p

  • Caby R, Delor C, Agoh O (2000) Lithologie, structure et métamorphisme des formations birimiennes dans la région d’Odienné (Côte d’Ivoire): rôle majeur du diapirisme des plutons et des décrochements en bordure du craton de Man. J Afr Earth Sci 30:351–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Card KD, Poulsen KH (1998) Geology and mineral deposits of the Superior province of the Canadian Shield: Geol Survey Can 7:13–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaing C, Billa M, Milési JP, Thiéblemont D, Le Métour J, Egal E, Donzeau M, Guérot C, Cocherie A, Chèvremont P, Tegyey M, Itard Y, Zida B, Ouedraogo I, Kote S, Kaboré BE, Ouedraogo C, Ki JC, Zunino C (2003) Carte géologique et minière au 1:1000 000 du Burkina Faso.

  • Chardon D, Bamba O, Traoré K (2020) Eburnean deformation pattern of Burkina Faso and the tectonic significance of shear zones in the West African Craton. Earth Sci Bull 191:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Czarnota K, Champion DC, Goscombe B, Blewett RS, Cassidy KF, Henson PA, Groenewald PB (2010) Geodynamics of the Eastern Yilgarn Craton. Precambrian Res 183:175–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Dampare SB, Shibata T, Asiedu DK, Osae S, Banoeng-Yakubo B (2008) Geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks from the southern Ashanti volcanic belt, Ghana: petrogenetic and tectonic setting implications. Precambrian Res 162:403–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis DW, Hirdes W, Schaltegger U, Nunoo EA (1994) U-Pb age constraints on deposition and provenance of Birimian and gold-bearing Tarkwaian sediments in Ghana, West Africa. Precambrian Res 67:89–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis J, Miller J, Thébaud N, McCuaig C, Begg G, Jessell M, Hein K, Baratoux L (2015) Craton-scale lithostratigraphic correlation as an insight for the geodynamic evolution of the southern West African Craton. In proceedings of the 50th SGA conference

  • De Kock GS, Theveniaut H, Botha PW, Gyapong W (2009) Geological map explanation, Map Sheet 0803B (1:100 000). CGS/BRGM/Geoman, Geol Survey Dep Ghana, 354p

  • De Kock GS, Armstrong RA, Siegfried HP, Thomas E (2011) Geochronology of the Birim Supergroup of the West African craton in the Wa-Bolé region of west-central Ghana: implications for the stratigraphic framework. J Earth Sci 59:1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Delor C, Lahondère D, Egal E, Marteau P (2001) Carte géologique de la France à 1:500 000. Département de la Guyane, BRGM

  • Delor C, Lahondère D, Egal E, Lafon JM, Cocherie A, Guerrot C, Rossi P, Truffert C, Théveniaut H, Phillips D, Gama de Avelar V (2003) Transamazonian crustal growth and reworking as revealed by the 1:500,000-scale geological map of French Guiana. B Soc Geol Fr 2-3-4:5-57

  • Delor C, Coueffe R, Goujou JC, Diallo DP, Theveniaut H, Fullgraf T, Ndiaye PM, Dioh E, Blein O, Barry TMM, Le Métour J, Martelet G, Sergeev S, Wemmer K (2010) Notice explicative de la carte géologique a 1/200 000 du Sénégal, feuille Saraya-Kédougou Est. Ministère des Mines, de l’Industrie, de l’Agro-Industrie et des PME, Direction des Mines et de la Géologie, Dakar

  • Dia A, Van Schmus WR, Kröner A (1997) Isotopic constraints on the age and formation of Paleoproterozoic volcanic arc complex in the Kédougou Inlier, eastern Senegal, West Africa. J Afr Earth Sci 24:197–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Diallo DP (1994) Caractérisation, d’une portion de croute d’age protérozoïque inférieur du craton Ouest Africain: Cas de l’encaissant des granitoïdes dans le Supergroupe de Mako (boutonnière de Kédougou) – implications géodynamiques. Thèse Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal, 466p

  • Dioh E (1986) Etude des roches magmatiques birimiennes de la région de Sonfara, Laminia, Madina Foulbé (Sénégal Oriental). Thèse Université Nancy I, France, 144p

  • Dioh E, Béziat D, Debat P, Grégoire M, Ngom PM (2006) Diversity of the Paleoproterozoic granitoids of the Kédougou Inlier (eastern Senegal): petrographical and geochemical constraints. J Afr Earth Sci 44:351–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Doumbia S, Pouclet A, Kouamelan A, Peucat JJ, Vidal M, Delor C (1998) Petrogenesis of juvenile-type Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) granitoids in Central Côte-d’Ivoire, West Africa: geochemistry and geochronology. Precambrian Res 87:33–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Egal E, Thiéblemont D, Lahondère D, Guerrot C, Costea CA, Iliescu D, Delor C, Goujou JC, Lafon JM, Tegyey M, Diaby S, Kolié P (2002) Late Eburnean granitization and tectonics along the western and northwestern margin of the Archean Kénéma-Man domain (Guinea, West African Craton). Precambrian Res 117:57–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Eglinger A, Thébaud N, Zeh A, Davis J, Miller J, Parra-Avila LA, Loucks R, McCuiag C, Belousova E (2017) New insights into the crustal growth of the Paleoproterozoic margin of the Archean Kénéma-Man Domain, West African craton (Guinea): Implications for gold mineral system. Precambrian Res 292:258–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenlohr BN, Hirdes W (1992) The structural development of the early Proterozoic Birimian and Tarkwaian rocks of southwest Ghana, West Africa. J Afr Earth Sci 14:313–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Feybesse JL, Milési JP (1994) The Archean/Proterozoic contact zone in West Africa: a mountain belt of décollement thrusting and folding on a continental margin related to 2.1 Ga convergence of Archean cratons ? Precambrian Res 69:199–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Feybesse JL, Billa M, Milési JP, Lerouge C, Le Goff E (2000) Relationships between metamorphism-deformation-plutonism in the Archean-Paleoproterozoic contact zone of West Africa. 31st international geological congress, Rio, Brazil

  • Feybesse JL, Billa M, Guerrot C, Duguey E, Lescuyer JL, Milesi JP, Bouchot V (2006) The paleoproterozoic Ghanaian province: geodynamic model and ore controls, including regional stress modeling. Precambrian Res 149:149–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine A, Eglinger A, Ada K, André-Mayer AS, Reisberg L, Siebenaller L, Le Mignot E, Ganne J, Poujol M (2017) Geology of the world-class Kiaka polyphase gold deposit, West African Craton, Burkina Faso. J Afr Earth Sci 126:96–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster RP, Piper DP (1993) Archaean lode gold deposits in Africa: crustal setting, metallogenesis and cratonization. Ore Geol Rev 8:303–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Fougerouse D (2011) The Inata gold deposit (Burkina Faso): timing of mineralisation. MSc. thesis. Nancy Université, France, 59p

  • Fougerouse D, Micklethwaite S, Tomkins AG, Mei Y, Kilburn M, Guagliardo P, Fisher LA, Halfpenny A, Gee M, Paterson D (2016) Gold remobilisation and formation of high-grade ore shoots driven by dissolution-reprecipitation replacement and Ni substitution into auriferous arsenopyrite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 178:143–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Fougerouse D, Micklethwaite S, Ulrich S, Miller J, Godel B, Adams DT, McCuaig TC (2017) Evidence for two stages of mineralisation in West Africa’s largest gold deposit: Obuasi, Ghana. Econ Geol 112:3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin JM, Gibson HL, Jonasson IR, Galley AG (2005) Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. In: Hedenquist JW, Thompson JFH, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (eds) Econ Geol 100th Anniversary Volume, pp 523–560

  • Frieman BM, Kuiper YD, Kelly NM, Monecke T, Kylander-Clark A (2017) Constraints on the geodynamic evolution of the southern Superior Province: U-Pb LA-ICP-MS analysis of detrital zircon in successor basins of the Archean Abitib and Pontiac subprovinces of Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Precambrian Res 292:398–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganne J, De Andrade V, Weinberg RF, Vidal O, Dubacq B, Kagambega N, Naba S, Baratoux L, Jessell M, Allibon J (2011) Modern-style plate subduction preserved in the Palaeoproterozoic West African craton. Nat Geosci 5:60–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganne J, Gerbault M, Block S (2014) Thermo-mechnical modeling of lower crust exhumation – constraints from the metamorphic record of the Paleoproterozoic Eburnean orogeny, West African Craton. Precambrian Res 143:88–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasquet D, Barbey P, Adou M, Paquette JL (2003) Structure, Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of the granitoids of the Dabakala area (Côte d’Ivoire): evidence for a 2.3 Ga crustal growth event in the Paleoproterozoic of West Africa ? Precambrian Res 127:329–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauriau J, Harlaux M, André-Mayer AS, Eglinger A, Richard A, Fontaine A, Lefebvre MG, Béziat D, Villeneuve J, Lemarchand D (2020) Chemical and boron isotope composition of tourmaline from the Kiaka orogenic gold deposit (Burkina Faso, West African Craton) as a proxy for ore-forming processes. Min Dep DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01002-7

  • Goldfarb R, Groves D, Gardoll S (2001) Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geol Rev 18:1–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb RJ, Baker T, Dubé B, Groves DI, Hart CJR, Gosselin P (2005) Distribution, character, and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. Econ Geol 100th Anniversary Volume:407-450

  • Goldfarb RJ, André-Mayer AS, Jowitt SM, Mudd GM (2017) West Africa: the world’s premier Paleoproterozoic gold province. Econ Geol 112:123–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouedji F, Picard C, Coulibaly Y, Audet MA, Auge T, Goncalves P, Paquette JL, Ouattara N (2014) The Samapleu mafic-ultramafic intrusion and its Ni-Cu-PGE mineralisation: an Eburnean (2.09 Ga) feeder dyke to the Yacouba layered complex (Man Archean craon, western Ivory Coast). Bull Soc Geol Fr 185:393–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Grenhölm M, Jessell M, Thébaud N (2019) A geodynamic model for the Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.27-1.96 Ga) Birimian orogen of the southern West African Craton – insights into an evolving accretionary-collisional orogenic system. Earth Sci Rev 192:138–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves DI, Bierlein FP (2007) Geodynamic settings of mineral deposit systems. J Geol Soc Lond 164:19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves DI, Goldfarb RJ, Gebre-Mariam M, Hagemann SG, Robert F (1998) Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geol Rev 13:7–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Gueye M, Siegesmund S, Wemmer K, Pawlig S, Drobe M, Nolte N, Layer P (2007) New evidence for an early Birimian evolution in the West African Craton: an example from the Kédougou-Kénieba inlier, southeast Senegal. S Afr J Geol 110:511–534

    Google Scholar 

  • HB MF (2018) The geodynamic and tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Sefwi greenstone belt, West African craton. Ph.D. thesis. Université of Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, p 265p

  • Hein KAA (2010) Succession of structural events in the Goren greenstone belt (Burkina Faso): implications for West African tectonics. J Afr Earth Sci 56:83–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Hein KAA, Matsheka IR, Bruguier O, Masurel Q, Bosch D, Caby R, Monié P (2015) The Yatela gold deposit: 2 billion years in the making. J Afr Earth Sci 112:548–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirdes W, Davis DW (1998) First U-Pb zircon age of extrusive volcanism in the Birimian Supergroup of Ghana, West Africa. J Afr Earth Sci 27:291–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirdes W, Davis DW (2002) U-Pb geochronology of Paleoproterozoic rocks in the southern part of the Kédougou-Kénieba inlier, Senegal, West Africa: evidence for diachronous accretionary development of the Eburnean Province. Precambrian Res 118:83–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirdes W, Nunoo B (1994) The proterozoic paleoplacers at Tarkwa Gold Mine, SW Ghana: sedimentology, mineralogy, and precise age dating of the main reef and west reef, and bearing of the investigations on source area aspects. Geologisches Jahrbuch D 100:247–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirdes W, Davis DW, Eisenlohr BN (1992) Reassessment of proterozoic granitoid ages in Ghana on the basis of U/Pb zircon and monazite dating. Precambrian Res 56:89–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirdes W, Senger R, Adjei J, Efa E, Loh G, Tettey A (1993) Explanatory notes for the geological map of southwest Ghana 1:100000: sheets Wiawso (0603D), Asafo (0603C), Kukuom (0603B), Goaso (0603A), Sunyani (0703D) and Berekum (0703C). Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe B, Heft 83:139p

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirdes W, Davis DW, Lüdtke G, Konan G (1996) Two generations of Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) volcanic belts in northeastern Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa): consequences for the “Birimian controversy”. Precambrian Res 80:173–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirdes W, Konan KG, N’Da D, Okou A, Sea P, Zamble ZB, Davis DW (2007) Geology of the northern portion of the Oboisso area, Côte d’Ivoire. Sheets 4A, 4B, 4D. Direction de la Géologie, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hanover.

  • Ilboudo H, Lompo M, Wenmenga U, Napon S, Naba S, Ngom PM (2017) Evidence of a volcanogenic massive sulfide (Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag) distirct within the Tiébélé Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) greenstone belt, southern Burkina Faso (West Africa). J Afr Earth Sci 129:792–813

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessell MW, Amponsah PO, Baratoux L, Asiedu DK, Loh GK, Ganne J (2012) Crustal-scale transcurrent shearing in the Paleoproterozoic Sefwi-Sunyani-Comoé region, West Africa. Precambrian Res 212-213:155–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaboré BE (2004) Datation d’une rhyolite porphyritique dans le secteur de Tiébélé (Nabenia). BUMIGEB report, p8

  • Kerrich R, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (2005) Metallogenic provinces in an evolving geodynamic framework. In: Hedenquist, J.W., Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., Richards, J.P. (Eds.), Econ Geol 100th Anniversary Volume:1097-1136

  • Kiessling R, Treder HW, Zitzmann A (1997) Mineral occurrences, geochemical investigation and gold potential in the Bui Belt Area in Ghana. Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe B 207-269

  • Kioe-A-Sen NME, Van Bergen MJ, Wong TE, Kroonenberg SB (2016) Gold deposits of Suriname : geological context, production and economic significance. Neth J Geosci 95:429–445

  • Klemd R, Hirdes W, Olesch M, Oberthür T (1993) Fluid inclusions in quartz-pebbles of the gold-bearing Tarkwaian conglomerates of Ghana as guides to their provenance area. Mineral Deposita 28:334–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Kone J, Vanderhaeghe O, Diatta F, Baratoux L, Thébaud N, Bruiguier O, Ndiaye PM, Duchene S, Pitra P, Ganne J (2020) Source and deposition age of the Dialé-Daléma metasedimetary series (Kédougou-Kénieba Inlier, Senegal) constrained by U-Pb geochronology on detrital zircons. J Afr Earth Sci 165:103801

    Google Scholar 

  • Kositcin N, Brown SJA, Barley ME, Krapez B, Cassidy K, Champion D (2008) SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age constraints on the Late Archean tectonostratigraphic architecture of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Res 161:5–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouamélan AN (1996) Géochronologie et géochimie des formations Archéennes et Protérozoïques de la dorsale de Man en Côte d’Ivoire, implications pour la transition Archéen-Protérozoïque. Thèse de doctorat de l’Université de Rennes I, 318p

  • Krapez B, Brown SJA, Hand J, Barley ME, Cas RAF (2000) Age constraints on recycled crustal and supracrustal sources of Archean metasedimentary sequences, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia : evidence from SHRIMP zircon dating. Tectonophys 322:89–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroonenberg SB, De Roever EWF, Fraga LM, Reis NJ, Faraco T, Lafon JM, Cordani U, Wong TE (2016) Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Guiana Shield in Suriname : a revised model. Neth J Geosci 95:491–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Labou I, Benoit M, Baratoux L, Grégoire M, Ndiaye PM, Thébaud N, Béziat D, Debat P (2020) Petrological and geochemical study of Birimian ultramafic rocks within the West African Craton : insights from Mako (Senegal) and Loraboué Burkina Faso_ lherzolite/harzburgite/wehrlite associations. J Afr Earth Sci 162:103677

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahondère D, Thiéblemont D, Tegyey M, Guerrot C, Diabaté B (2002) First evidence of early Birimian (2.21 Ga) volcanic activity in Upper Guinea: the volcanics and associated rocks of the Niani suite. J Afr Earth Sci 5:417–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert-Smith JS, Lawrence DM, Müller W, Treloar PJ (2016) Paleotectonic setting of the south-eastern Kédougou-Kénieba inlier, West Africa: new insights from igneous trace element geochemistry and U-Pb zircon ages. Precambrian Res 274:110–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert-Smith JS, Allibone AH, Treloar PJ, Lawrence DM, Boyce AJ, Fanning M (2020) Stable C, O, and S isotopic record of magmatic-hydrothermal interactions between Falémé Fe-skarn and Loulo Au systems in western Mali. Econ Geol 115:1537–1558

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang JR, Baker T (2001) Intrusion-related gold systems: the present level of understanding. Mineral Deposita 36:477–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence DM, Treloar PJ, Rankin AH, Harbidge P, Holliday J (2013a) The geology and mineralogy of the Loulo mining district, Mali, West Africa: evidence for two distinct styles of orogenic gold mineralisation. Econ Geol 108:199–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence DM, Treloar PJ, Rankin AH, Boyce A, Harbidge P (2013b) A fluid inclusion and stable isotope study at the Loulo mining district, Mali, West Africa: implications for multifluid sources in the generation of orogenic gold deposits. Econ Geol 108:229–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence DM, Allibone AH, Chang Z, Meffre S, Lambert-Smith JS, Treloar PJ (2017) The Tongon Au deposit, northern Côte d’Ivoire: an example of Paleoproterozoic Au skarn mineralisation. Econ Geol 112:1571–1593

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Métour J, Chevremont P, Donzeau ME, Thieblemont E, Tegey D, Guerrot MCM, Itard B, Castaing Y, Delpont C, Ki G, Zunino JCC (2003) Notice explicative de la carte géologique du Burkina Faso à 1:200 000, feuille Houndé 1-82

  • Le Mignot E, Siebenaller L, Béziat D, André-Mayer AS, Reisberg L, Salvi S, Velasquez G, Zimmermann C, Naré A, Franceschi G (2017a) The Paleoproterozoic copper-gold deposits of the Gaoua district, Burkina Faso: superposition of orogenic gold on a porphyry copper occurrence? Econ Geol 112:99–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Mignot E, Reisberg L, André-Mayer AS, Bourassa Y, Fontaine A, Miller J (2017b) Re-Os geochronological evidence for multiple Paleoproterozoic gold events at the scale of the West African craton. Econ Geol 112:145–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Leake MH (1992) The petrogenesis and structural evolution of the early Proterozoic Fettekro greenstone belt, Dabakala region, NE Côte d’Ivoire. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Portsmouth, United Kingdom, p 315p

  • Lebrun E, Thébaud N, Miller J, Ulrich S, Bourget J, Terblanche O (2016) Geochronology and lithostratigraphy of the Siguiri district: implications for mineralisation in the Siguiri basin (Guinea, West Africa). Precambrian Res 274:136–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebrun E, Miller J, Thébaud N, Ulrich S, McCuaig TC (2017) Structural controls on an orogenic gold system: the world-class Siguiri gold district, Siguiri basin, Guinea, West Africa. Econ Geol 112:73–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledru P, Pons J, Milési JP, Feybesse JL, Johan V (1991) Transcurrent tectonics and polycyclic evolution in the Lower proterozoic of Senegal-Mali. Precambrian Res 50:337–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledru P, Johan V, Milési JP, Tegyey M (1994) Markers of the last stages of the Paleoproterozoic collision: evidence for a 2 Ga continent involving circum-South Atlantic provinces. Precambrian Res 69:169–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerouge C, Feybesse JL, Guerrot C, Billa M, Diaby S (2004) Reaction textures in Proterozoic calcsilicates from northern Guinea: a record of the fluid evolution. J Afr Earth Sci 39:105–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Leube A, Hirdes W, Mauer R, Kesse GO (1990) The early Proterozoic Birimian Supergroup of Ghana and some aspects of its associated gold mineralization. Precambrian Res 46:139–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Liégeois JP, Claessens W, Camara D, Klerx J (1991) Short-lived Eburnean orogeny in southern Mali. Geology, tectonics, U-Pb and Rb-Sr geochronology. Precambrian Res 50:111–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüders V, Klemd R, Oberthür T, Plessen B (2015) Different carbon reservoirs of auriferous fluids in African Archean and Proterozoic gold deposits? Constraints from stable carbon isotopic compositions of quartz-hosted CO2-rich fluid inclusions. Mineral Deposita 50:449–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüdtke G, Hirdes W, Konan G, Koné Y, Yao C, Diarra S, Zamblé ZB (1998) Géologie de la région Haute Comoé Nord, feuilles Kong (4b et 4d) et Téhini-Bouna (3a à 3d). Direction de la géologie Abidjan bulletin 178

  • Lüdtke G, Hirdes W, Konan KG, Koné Y, N’Da D, Traoré Y, Zamblé ZB (1999) Geology of the Haute Comoé south area, geological map 1:100 000, sheets Dabakala 2b, d and 4b, d, 1st ed. Ivorian-German Geological Cooperation Project 1995-1996

  • Marcoux E, Milési JP (1993) Lead isotope signature of Early Proterozoic ore deposit in Western Africa: comparison with gold deposits in French Guiana. Econ Geol 88:1862–1879

    Google Scholar 

  • Markwitz V, Hein KAA, Miller J (2016) Compilation of West African mineral deposits: spatial distribution and mineral endowment. Precambrian Res 274:61–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Masurel Q, Thébaud N, Miller J, Ulrich S, Hein KAA, Cameron G, Béziat D, Bruguier O, Davis JA (2017a) Sadiola Hill: a world-class carbonate-hosted gold deposit in Mali, West Africa. Econ Geol 112:23–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Masurel Q, Thébaud N, Miller J, Ulrich S, Roberts MP, Béziat D (2017b) The Alamoutala carbonate-hosted gold deposit, Kédougou-Kénieba inlier, West Africa. Econ Geol 112:49–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Masurel Q, Thébaud N, Miller J, Ulrich S (2017c) The tectono-magmatic framework to gold mineralisation in the Sadiola-Yatela gold camp and implications for the paleotectonic setting of the Kédougou-Kénieba inlier, West Africa. Precambrian Res 292:35–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Masurel Q, Thébaud N, Allibone A, André-Mayer AS, Hein KAA, Reisberg L, Bruguier O, Eglinger A, Miller J (2019) Intrusion-related affinity and orogenic gold overprint at the Paleoproterozoic Bonikro Au-(Mo) deposit (Côte d’Ivoire, West African Craton). Mineral Deposita, in press

  • Masurel Q, Morley P, Thébaud N, McFarlane H (2021) Gold deposits of the ~15 Moz Ahafo South camp, Sefwi granite-greenstone belt, Ghana: insights into the anatomy of an orogenic gold plumbing system. Econ Geol, in press

  • McCuaig TC, Hronsky JMA (2014) The mineral system concept: the key to exploration targeting. Econ Geol Spec Pub 18:153–175

    Google Scholar 

  • McCuaig TC, Fougerouse D, Salvi S, Siebenaller L, Parra-Avila LA, Seed R, Béziat D, André-Mayer AS (2016) The Inata deposit, Belahouro district, northern Burkina Faso. Ore Geol Rev 78:639–644

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane CRM, Mavrogenes J, Lentz D, King K, Allibone A, Holcombe R (2011) Geology and intrusion-related affinity of the Morila Gold Mine, Southeast Mali. Econ Geol 106:727–750

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane HB, Aillères L, Betts P, Ganne J, Baratoux L, Jessell M, Block S (2019a) Episodic collisional orogenesis and lower crust exhumation during the Paleoproterozoic Eburnean orogeny – evidence from the Sefwi greenstone belt, West African Craton. Precambrian Res 325:88–110

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane HB, Thébaud N, Parra-Avila LA, Armit R, Spencer C, Ganne J, Aillères L, Baratoux L, Betts PG, Jessel MW (2019b) Onset of the supercontinent cycle: evidence for multiple oceanic arc accretion events in the Paleoproterozoic Sefwi Greenstone Belt of the West African Craton. Precambr Res 335: j.precamres.2019.105450

  • Mériaud N, Thébaud N, Masurel Q, Hayman P, Jessell M, Kemp A, Evans NJ, Fisher C, Scott PM (2020) Lithostratigraphic evolution of the Bandamian volcanic cycle in central Côte d’Ivoire: insights into the late Eburnean magmatic resurgence and its geodynamic implications. Mineral Deposita, in press

  • Milési JP, Feybesse JL, Ledru P, Dommanget A, Ouedraogo MF, Marcoux E, Prost A, Vinchon C, Sylvain JP, Johan V, Teguey M, Calvez JY, Lagny P (1989) Les minéralisations aurifères de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Leurs relationsavec l’evolution lithostructurale au Protérozoïque inférieur. Chro Rech Min 497:3–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Milési JP, Ledru P, Ankrah P, Johan V, Marcoux E, Vinchon C (1991) The metallogenic relationship between Birimian and Tarkwaian gold deposits in Ghana. Mineral Deposita 26:228–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Milési JP, Ledru P, Feybesse JL, Dommanget A, Marcoux E (1992) Early Proterozoic ore deposits and tectonics of the Birimian orogenic belt, West Africa. Precambrian Res 58:305–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Milési JP, Lerouge C, Delor C, Ledru P, Billa M, Cocherie A, Egal E, Fouillac AM, Lahondère D, Lasserre JL, Marot A, Martel-Jantin B, Rossi P, Tegyey M, Théveniaut H, Thiéblemont D, Vanderhaeghe O (2003) Gold deposits (gold-bearing tourmalinites, gold-bearing conglomerates, and mesothermal lodes), markers of the geological evolution of French Guiana: geology, metallogeny, and stabe-isotope constraints. B Soc Geol Fr 2-3-4:257–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Milési JP, Feybesse JL, Pinna P, Deschamps Y, Kampunzu AB, Muhongo S, Lescuyer JL, Le Goff E, Delor C, Ralay F, Heinry C (2004) Géologie et principaux gisements d’Afrique - Carte et SIG a 1/10 000 000. Abstracts Volume 20th Colloquium of African Geology in Orleans, France, 128p

  • Mortimer J (1990) Evolution of early Proterozoïc Toumodi volcanic group and associated rocks, Ivory Coast. Ph.D. thesis. Portsmouth Polytechnic, United Kingdom, p 244p

  • Mortimer J (1992a) Lithostratigraphy of the earlier Proterozoic Toumodi volcanic Group in Central Côte d’Ivoire: implications for Birimian stratigraphic models. J Afr Earth Sci 14:81–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer J (1992b) The Kan River gneiss terrane of central Côte d’Ivoire: mylonitic remnants of an ancient magmatic arc? J Afr Earth Sci 15:353–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer J (2016) Paleoproterozoic geology of the Toumodi area, Ivory Coast, 1:100,000. Journal of Maps, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1227732

  • Moyen JF, Martin H (2012) Forty years of TTG research. Lithos 148:312–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Naba S, Lompo M, Debat P, Bouchez JL, Beziat D (2004) Structure and emplacement model for late-orogenic Palaeoproterozoic granitoids: the Tenkodogo-Yamba elongate pluton (Eastern Burkina Faso). J Afr Earth Sci 38:41–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberthür T, Vetter U, Mumm AS, Weiser T, Amanor JA, Gyapong WA, Kumi R, Blenkinsop TG (1994) The Ashanti gold mine at Obuasi, Ghana: mineralogical, geochemical, stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies on the metallogenesis of the deposit. Geol Jahrb D100:31–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberthür T, Vetter U, Davis DW (1998) Amanor JA. Age constraints on gold mineralisation and Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution in the Ashanti belt of southern Ghana: Precambr Res 89:129–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver N, Allibone A, Nugus MJ, Vargas C, Jongens R, Peattie R, Chamberlain A (2020) The super-giant, high-grade, Paleoproterozoic metasediment- and shear-vein-hosted Obuasi (Ashanti) gold deposit, Ghana. West Africa, Econ Geol in press

  • Ouatarra Z (2015) Caractères lithostratigraphique, structural, géochimique, et mettalogénique du gisement d’or de Bonikro, sillon Birimien de Oumé-Fettékro, centre sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. Ph.D. thesis, Université Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Côte d’Ivoire, 330p

  • Parra-Avila LA, Bourassa Y, Miller J, Perrouty S, Fiorentini ML, McCuaig TC (2015) Age constraints of the Wassa and Benso mesothermal gold deposits, Ashanti belt, Ghana, West Africa. J Afr Earth Sci 112:524–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra-Avila LA, Belousova E, Fiorentini ML, Baratoux L, Davis J, Miller J, McCuaig TC (2016) Crustal evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Birimian terranes of the Baoulé-Mossi Domain, southern West African Craton: U–Pb and Hf-isotope studies of detrital zircons. Precambrian Res 274:25–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra-Avila LA, Kemp AIS, Fiorentini ML, Belousova E, Baratoux L, Block S, Jessell M, Bruguier O, Begg GC, Miller J, Davis J, McCuaig TC (2017) The geochronological evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi Domain of the southern West African Craton. Precambrian Res 300:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra-Avila L, Belousova E, Fiorentini M, Eglinger A, Block S, Miller J (2018) Zircon Hf and O-isotope constraints on the evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi Domain of the southern West African Craton. Precambrian Res 306:174–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra-Avila LA, Baratoux L, Eglinger A, Fiorentini M, Block S (2019) The Eburnean magmatic evolution across the Baoulé-Mossi Domain: geodynamic implications for the West African Craton. Precambrian Res 332:105392

    Google Scholar 

  • Percival JA, Skulski T, Sanborn-Barrie M, Stott GM, Leclair AD, Corkery MT, Boily M (2012) Geology and tectonic evolution of the Superior Province, Canada. Geol Assoc Can Spec Pap 49:321–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrouty S, Aillères L, Jessell MW, Baratoux L, Bourassa Y, Crawford B (2012) Revised Eburnean geodynamic evolution of the gold-rich southern Ashanti belt, Ghana, with new field and geophysical evidence of pre-Tarkwian deformations. Precambrian Res 204-205:12–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrouty S, Jessell M, Bourassa Y, Miller J, Apau D, Siebenaller L, Velásquez G, Baratoux L, Aillères L, Béziat D, Salvi S (2015) The Wassa deposit: a poly-deformed orogenic gold system in southwest Ghana – implications for regional exploration. J Afr Earth Sci 112:536–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrouty S, Jessell MW, Bourassa Y, Miller J, Apau D, Parra-Avila LA, Le Mignot E, Velasquez G, Ganne J, Siebenaller L, Baratoux L (2016) Geological setting of the Wassa gold deposit, SW Ghana. Ore Geol Rev 78:687–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersson A, Scherstén A, Kemp AIS, Kristinsdottir B, Kalvig P, Anum S (2016). Zircon U–Pb–Hf evidence for subduction related crustal growth and reworking of Archaean crust within the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian terrane, West African Craton, SE Ghana. Precambr Res 275:286-309

  • Petersson A, Scherstén A, Gerdes A (2018) Extensive reworking of Archaean crust within the Birimian terrane in Ghana as revealed by combined zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes. Geosci Front 9:173–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Pigois JP, Groves DI, Fletcher IR, McNaughton NJ, Snee LW (2003) Age constraints ont Tarkwaian paleoplacer and lode-gold formation in the Tarkwa-Damang district, SW Ghana. Mineral Deposita 38:695–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Pouclet A, Doumbia S, Vidal M (2006) Geodynamic setting of the Birimian volcanism in central Ivory Coast (western Africa) and its place in the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Man Shield. B Soc Geol Fr 177:105–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert F, Poulsen KH, Cassidy KF, Hodgson CJ (2005) Gold metallogeny of the Superior and Yilgarn cratons: Econ Geol 100th Anniversary Volume:1001-1033

  • Salvi S, Velasquez G, Miller J, Béziat D, Siebenaller L, Bourassa Y (2016a) The Pampe gold deposit (Ghana): constraint on sulfide evolution during gold mineralisation. Ore Geol Rev 78:673–686

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvi S, Aponsah PO, Siebenaller L, Béziat D, Baratoux L, Jessell M (2016b) Shear-related gold mineralisation in northwest Ghana: the Julie deposit. Ore Geol Rev 78:712–717

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvi S, Sangaré A, Driouch Y, Siebenaller L, Béziat D, Debat P, Femenias O (2016c) The Kalan vein-hosted gold deposit, southern Mali. Ore Geol Rev 78:599–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz MO, Melcher F (2003) The Perkoa zinc deposit, Burkina Faso. Econ Geol 98:1463–1485

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz MO, Melcher F (2004) The Falémé iron district, Senegal. Econ Gole 99:917–939

    Google Scholar 

  • Seedorff E, Dilles JH, Proffett JM, Einaudi M, Zurcher L, Stavast WJA, Johnson DA, Barton MD (2005) Porphyry deposits: characteristics and origin of hypogene features. In: Hedenquist JW, Thompson JFH, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (Eds.), Econ Geol 100th Anniversary Volume:251-298

  • Sestini G (1973) Sedimentology of a Paleoplacer: the gold-bearing Tarkwaian of Ghana. Int U Geol Sci 2:275–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried P, Aggenbach A, Clarke B, Delor C, Yves Roig J (2009) Geological Map Explanation, Map Sheet 0903D (1:100 000). CGS/BRGM/Geoman. Geol Survey Dep of Ghana

  • Sillitoe RH, Thompson JFH (1998) Intrusion-related vein gold deposits: types, tectono-magmatic settings and difficulties of distinction from orogenic gold deposits. Resour Geol 48:237–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeon Y, Delor C, Zeade Z, Kone Y, Yao BD, Vidal M, Diaby I, Konan G, Bi Irie D, Dommanget A, Cautru JP, Guerrot C, Chiron JC (1995) Notice explicative de la carte géologique de la Côte d’Ivoire a 1/200 000, feuille de Agnibilekrou-Kouame-Dari, Memoire n° 8. Ministère des Mines et de l’Energie, Direction de la Géologie, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

  • Solomon MS, Groves DI (1994) The geological setting and nature of Australia’s mineral deposits. Oxford University Press, UK

  • Squires RJ, Allen CM, Cass RAF, Campbell IH, Blewett RS, Nemchin AA (2010) Two cycles of voluminous pyroclastic volcanism and sedimentation related to episodic granite emplacement during the late Archean: Eastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Res 183:251–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Strachan R, Holwell D, Bonson C, Wasel M (2014) Structural and lithological controls on gold mineralisation at the Wassa mine, Ghana. Online open resource available from http://www.leapfrog3d.com/academic

  • Sylvester PJ, Attoh K (1992) Lithostratigraphy and composition of 2.1 Ga greenstone belts of the West African Craton and their bearing on crustal evolution and the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. J Geol 100:377–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapsoba B, Lo CH, Jahn BM, Chung SL, Wenmenga U, Iizuka Y (2013) Chemical and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions and zircon U–Pb ages of the Birimian granitoids from NE Burkina Faso, West African Craton: Implications on the geodynamic setting and crustal evolution. Precambrian Res 224:364–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor PN, Moorbath S, Leube A, Hirdes W (1992) Early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the Birimian of Ghana: constraints from geochronology and isotope geochemistry. Precambrian Res 56:97–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi M, Hagemann S, Davis J (2018) The Karouni gold deposit, Guyana, South America: Part I. Stratigraphic setting and structural controls on mineralisation. Econ Geol 113:1679–1704

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi MT, Hagemann SG, Kemp AIS, Kirkland CL, Ireland TR (2020) Geochronological constrains on the timing of magmatism, deformation and mineralization at the Karouni orogenic gold deposit: Guyana. South America Precambr Res 337:105329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.04.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tegyey M, Johan V (1989) Une sequence komatiitique dans le Protérozoique inferieur de Guinée (Afrique de l’Ouest): caractères petrographiques, minéralogiques et géochimiques. Comptes rendus de l’Academie des sciences

  • Thébaud N, Sugiono D, Laflamme C, Miller J, Fisher L, Voute F, Tessalina S, Sonntag I, Fiorentini M (2018) Protracted and polyphased gold mineralisation in the Agnew district. Precambrian Res 310:291–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Thébaud N, Allibone A, Masurel Q, Eglinger A, Davis, J, André-Mayer AS, Miller J, Jessell M (2020) The Paleoproterozoic (Rhyacian) gold deposits of West Africa. Econ Geol in press

  • Tourigny G, Tranos MD, Masurel Q, Kreuzer O, Brammer S, Ansah-Owusu K, Yao D, Hayford T (2018) Structural controls on granitoid-hosted gold mineralisation and paleostress history of the Edikan gold deposits, Kumasi basin, southwestern Ghana. Mineral Deposita 54:1033–1052

    Google Scholar 

  • Tshibubudze A, Hein KAA (2016) Gold mineralisation in the Essakane goldfield in Burkina Faso. Ore Geol Rev 78:652–659

    Google Scholar 

  • Tshibubudze A, Hein KAA, Peters LFH, Woolfe AJ, McCuaig C (2013) Oldest U-Pb crystallisation age for the West African Craton from the Oudalan-Goruoul belt of Burkina Faso. S Afr J Earth Sci 116:169–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Tshibubudze A, Hein KA, McCuaig TC (2015) The relative and absolute chronology of strato-tectonic events in the Gorom-Gorom granitoid terrane and Oudalan-Gorouol belt, northeast Burkina Faso. J Afr Earth Sci 112:382–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunks AJ, Selley D, Rogers JR, Brabham G (2004) Vein mineralisation at the Damang gold mine, Ghana: controls on gold mineralisation. Struct Geol 26:1257–1273

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderhaeghe O, Ledru P, Thiéblemont D, Egal E, Cocherie A, Tegyey M, Milési JP (1998) Contrasting mechanism of crustal growth. Geodynamic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic granite-greenstone belts of French Guiana. Precambrian Res 92:165–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanin D, Michaud M, Thalenhorst H, Reipas K (2004) Taparko-Bouroum Project, Burkina Faso. Unpublished Technical Report 43-101 F1 to High River Gold Mines Ltd., 186p

  • Vegas N, Naba S, Bouchez JL, Jessell M (2008) Structure and emplacement of granite plutons in the Paleoproterozoic crust of Eastern Burkina Faso: rheological implications. Int J Earth Sci 97:1165–1180

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal M, Alric G (1994) The Paleoproterozoic (Birimian) of Haute-Comoé in the West African Craton, Ivory Coast: a transtensional back-arc basin. Precambrian Res 65:207–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal M, Gumiaux C, Cagnard F, Pouclet A, Ouattara G, Pichon M (2009) Evolution of a Paleoproterozoic “weak type” orogeny in the West African Craton (Ivory Coast). Tectonophys 477:145–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Vielreicher NM, Groves DI, McNaughton NJ (2016) The giant Kalgoorlie goldfield revisited. Geosci Front 7:359–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Wane O, Liégois JP, Thébaud N, Miller J, Metelka V, Jessell M (2018) The onset of Eburnean collision within the Kénéma-Man craton evidenced by plutonic and volcanosedimentary rock record of the Massigui region, southern Mali. Precambrian Res 305:44–478

    Google Scholar 

  • White AJR (2011) The nature and origin of gold mineralization at Damang mine, Ghana. PhD thesis, Oxford University, UK

  • White AJR, Waters DJ, Robb LJ (2015) Exhumation-driven devolatilization as a fluid source for orogenic gold mineralisation at the Damang deposit, Ghana. Econ Geol 110:1009–1025

    Google Scholar 

  • Zibra I, Weinberg RF, Peternell M (2020) Neoarchean synmagmatic crustal extrusion in the transpressional Yilgarn Orogen. Tectonics DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005947, 39

  • Zitsmann A, Kiessling R, Loh G (1997) Geological, geophysical and geochemical investigations in the Bui Belt Area in Ghana. Geologische Jahrbuch, Reihe B 88:7–112

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

AMIRA International, the industry sponsors, and sponsors in kind are gratefully acknowledged for their support of the WAXI-3 project (P934B). This study was also partly supported by the Hammond and Nisbet fellowship at the University of Western Australia. This study is one of the key outcomes of collaborative research and we wish to recognise our WAXI-3 research colleagues from partner institutions worldwide. The authors also wish to acknowledge the excellent work undertaken by the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) more than 25 years ago (Milési et al. 1991, 1992), which provided a solid foundation for this study. Finally, the authors would like to thank Georges Beaudoin, Jochen Kolb, Richard Goldfarb, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback, which improved the quality of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Exploration Targeting, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia

    Quentin Masurel, Nicolas Thébaud, Helen McFarlane, John Miller, Mark Jessell, Graham Begg & Luis Parra-Avila

  2. Laboratoire GeoRessources, Université de Lorraine – CNRS, F-54000, Nancy, France

    Aurélien Eglinger & Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer

  3. Randgold Resources Ltd., JE3-4WJ, Jersey, UK

    Andrew Allibone

  4. Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia

    Laurent Aillères

  5. Laboratoire Géosciences Environment Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, 31400, Toulouse, France

    Olivier Vanderhaeghe, Stefano Salvi & Lenka Baratoux

  6. Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada

    Stephane Perrouty

  7. Minerals Targeting International Pty Ltd., West Perth, Western Australia, 6005, Australia

    Graham Begg

  8. School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia

    Denis Fougerouse

  9. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia

    Patrick Hayman

  10. Techniques et Technologies de Bamako, Université des Sciences, Bamako, BP, E 3206, Mali

    Ousmane Wane

  11. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa

    Asinne Tshibubudze

  12. Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny de Cocody, Abidjan, 01, Côte d’Ivoire

    Alain Kouamélan

  13. University of Accra, Department of Earth Sciences, Legon-Accra, LG58, Ghana

    Prince Ofori Amponsah

Authors
  1. Quentin Masurel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aurélien Eglinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicolas Thébaud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrew Allibone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Helen McFarlane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. John Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mark Jessell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Laurent Aillères
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Olivier Vanderhaeghe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Stefano Salvi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Lenka Baratoux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Stephane Perrouty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Graham Begg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Denis Fougerouse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Patrick Hayman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Ousmane Wane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Asinne Tshibubudze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Luis Parra-Avila
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Alain Kouamélan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Prince Ofori Amponsah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Quentin Masurel.

Additional information

Editorial handling: J. Kolb

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/xxx.

ESM 1

(XLSX 21 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Masurel, Q., Eglinger, A., Thébaud, N. et al. Paleoproterozoic gold events in the southern West African Craton: review and synopsis. Miner Deposita 57, 513–537 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01052-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01052-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation