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Integration of multiple sulfur isotopes with structural analysis unveils the evolution of ore fluids and source of sulfur at the Kanowna Belle Archean orogenic gold deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia

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Abstract

The Kanowna Belle deposit is a world-class Archean orogenic gold system that witnessed multiple fluid episodes over a protracted deformation history. The hydrothermal fluid circulation episodes at the Kanowna Belle deposit initiated with the precipitation of early gold-bearing carbonate-famatinite-pyrite-telluride-electrum veins (V1a). These early veins were subsequently folded during a NE-SW shortening event (D1bKB) that led to the development of sericite-chlorite-pyrite stringers (V1b) and foliation (S1KB) dated at c. 2658 ± 9 Ma (U-Pb, xenotime). D1bKB structures are overprinted by quartz-carbonate-sericite-pyrite-gold veins (V2) controlled by the reverse faulting formed as a result of N-S shortening during D2KB. A subsequent deformation event (D3aKB) is related to sinistral shearing produced under ENE-WSW shortening and associated with the development of the Troy lodes and deposition of quartz-pyrite-sericite-gold veins (V3a) dated at c. 2628 ± 9 Ma (U-Pb, xenotime). The application of multiple sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides related to the different mineralization events resolves the hydrothermal fluid isotopic evolution through time. Despite the ore mineralogy differences of the V1, V2, and V3 vein sets, their associated sulfides yield small positive ∆33S (+ 0.1 to + 0.4‰; n = 231) values with two outliers (∆33S = + 0.5‰ and + 0.6‰) across all lithology types. The constant value of MIF-S through the three temporally different gold mineralization episodes implies that sulfur was derived from a single homogenized source of sulfur distal from the deposition site, irrespective of the Au endowment. The consistent small positive ∆33S sulfur isotope signature may support that the Archean orogenic gold system sourced sulfur and possibly hydrothermal fluids from a mantle/magmatic dominated source that homogenized with crustal sulfur at depth prior to gold deposition.

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Acknowledgments

The main author would like to acknowledge SIRF funding from UWA to support this PhD project. We also want to acknowledge CMCA-UWA for the access and training in using their facilities. Special thanks are also dedicated for the Kanowna Belle mine site geologists and staff. We are also grateful for the assistance from M. Verrall, B. Boucher, and S. Cote in data gathering. The author benefitted greatly from the discussions and help from G. I. Tripp and S. Caruso. The author would like to acknowledge the critical and helpful reviews by F. Molnar, B. K Davis, Associate Editor Pasi Eilu, and Editor-in-Chief G. Beaudoin. N. Thébaud would like to acknowledge the support of the Hammond and Nisbet trust for its financial support. C. LaFlamme acknowledges support from the Canada Research Chair Program.

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This project is principally sponsored by Northern Star Resources Limited.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Exploration Targeting, School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia

    Dennis Sugiono, Nicolas Thébaud, Crystal LaFlamme, Marco Fiorentini & Laure Martin

  2. Département de géologie et de génie géologique, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada

    Crystal LaFlamme

  3. Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia

    Laure Martin

  4. Northern Star Resources, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia

    Jamie Rogers & Giovanna Lorusso

  5. Department of Geology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada

    Chris McFarlane

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Sugiono, D., Thébaud, N., LaFlamme, C. et al. Integration of multiple sulfur isotopes with structural analysis unveils the evolution of ore fluids and source of sulfur at the Kanowna Belle Archean orogenic gold deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Miner Deposita 56, 1471–1490 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01032-1

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