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The role of the subducting slab and melt crystallization in the formation of magnetite-(apatite) systems, Coastal Cordillera of Chile

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Abstract

The Mesozoic magnetite-(apatite) deposits of the Coastal Cordillera of Chile are interpreted as the product of the crystallization of oxidized iron-rich melts and subsequent hydrothermal alteration produced by related magmatic-hydrothermal systems. These deposits form a regional-scale mineral system controlled by the Atacama Fault System and where the mineralization spans more than 10 km in vertical extent. Individual sub-vertical bodies of massive magnetite coexist with and evolve vertically into pegmatite-, breccia-, and vein-like apatite-actinolite-magnetite/ilmenite rock. The mineralization is always hosted by a hydrothermal aureole of alkali-calcic-iron alteration that includes stockwork-like to disseminated mineralization. The deposits cluster in two groups. Those located in the northern part are mostly vein-like, and are hosted by Jurassic diorite. They have 87Sr/86Sri and εNdi values of 0.7042–0.7062 and + 5.1 to + 7.2, respectively. The southern group includes shallowly emplaced ore lenses in broadly coeval (sub-)volcanic intermediate rocks. They show similar 87Sr/86Sri signatures (0.7033–0.7065, with one value up to 0.7097) and more variable εNdi values (+ 3.9 to + 8.6). As a whole, the Sr-Nd data do not seem to be influenced by the type of crust intruded, but rather, likely track the mixing between a MORB-like reservoir and another source with elevated 87Sr/86Sri (≥ 0.706). The genetic model proposed involves the dehydration of variably altered subducted oceanic crust, the interaction of fluids released from the mantle wedge, the separation of iron-rich melts, and their ascent along transcrustal faults. The broadly coeval intermediate host rocks show a lesser contribution of subducted crust, something that perhaps excludes a genetic relationship between these rocks and the magnetite-(apatite) mineralization.

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Acknowledgements

The ideas discussed here synthesize the field work carried in the Coastal Andes and are a contribution to the Spanish SEIDI projects CGL2014-55949R (FT and FV) and RTI2018-099157-A-I00 (FT), and an NSERC Discovery grant to JMH. We acknowledge Justo Esquivel (Montecristo) and the geologists of CAP Minería Mario Rojo, Cristian Astudillo (Cerro Negro Norte), Mario Lagos and Wilson Riquelme (Los Colorados) for their help and sharing their knowledge. We also thank numerous colleagues for their help and discussions during field work, including Mario Arrieta, Verónica Herrera, José Luis Jara, Gilles Levresse, Laura Mateo, Jean-Luc Pilote, Steve Piercey, Graham Layne, Noel White, and Taofa Zhou, or during later discussions, César Casquet, Constantino Mpodozis, and José María González. We also acknowledge the collaboration of the Compañía Minera del Pacífico and Minera Santa Fé for granting access to their mines and help with information and sampling. The isotope analyses were done at the Unidad de CAI Geocronología (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) and the Laboratorio de Análisis de Isótopos Estables (Universidad de Salamanca); we thank José Manuel Fuenlabrada, Clemente Recio, and Félix García for their help. Thanks are extended to Pedro Acosta-Góngora, Johannes Glodny, and Ryan Ickert for their thoughtful and insightful reviews and Peter Hollings for his editorial handling of the manuscript. This paper is dedicated to the memory of the co-author Dr. Carmen Galindo who passed away during the review process of this paper.

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  1. Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO, CSIC-UCM), c/Severo Ochoa, 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Fernando Tornos

  2. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada

    Fernando Tornos & John M. Hanchar

  3. CAP Minería, La Serena, Chile

    Rodrigo Munizaga

  4. Universidad del País Vasco, 48940, Leioa, Biscay, Spain

    Francisco Velasco

  5. Universidad Complutense – Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM), 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Carmen Galindo

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Tornos, F., Hanchar, J.M., Munizaga, R. et al. The role of the subducting slab and melt crystallization in the formation of magnetite-(apatite) systems, Coastal Cordillera of Chile. Miner Deposita 56, 253–278 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00959-9

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