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Timing of multiple hydrothermal events in the iron oxide–copper–gold deposits of the Southern Copper Belt, Carajás Province, Brazil

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Abstract

The Southern Copper Belt, Carajás Province, Brazil, hosts several iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposits, including Sossego, Cristalino, Alvo 118, Bacuri, Bacaba, Castanha, and Visconde. Mapping and U–Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) IIe zircon geochronology allowed the characterization of the host rocks, situated within regional WNW–ESE shear zones. They encompass Mesoarchean (3.08–2.85 Ga) TTG orthogneiss, granites, and remains of greenstone belts, Neoarchean (ca. 2.74 Ga) granite, shallow-emplaced porphyries, and granophyric granite coeval with gabbro, and Paleoproterozoic (1.88 Ga) porphyry dykes. Extensive hydrothermal zones include albite–scapolite, biotite–scapolite–tourmaline–magnetite alteration, and proximal potassium feldspar, chlorite–epidote and chalcopyrite formation. U–Pb laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) analysis of ore-related monazite and Re–Os NTIMS analysis of molybdenite suggest multiple Neoarchean (2.76 and 2.72–2.68 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (2.06 Ga) hydrothermal events at the Bacaba and Bacuri deposits. These results, combined with available geochronological data from the literature, indicate recurrence of hydrothermal systems in the Southern Copper Belt, including 1.90–1.88-Ga ore formation in the Sossego–Curral ore bodies and the Alvo 118 deposit. Although early hydrothermal evolution at 2.76 Ga points to fluid migration coeval with the Carajás Basin formation, the main episode of IOCG genesis (2.72–2.68 Ga) is related to basin inversion coupled with Neoarchean (ca. 2.7 Ga) felsic magmatism. The data suggest that the IOCG deposits in the Southern Copper Belt and those in the Northern Copper Belt (2.57-Ga Salobo and Igarapé Bahia–Alemão deposits) do not share a common metallogenic evolution. Therefore, the association of all IOCG deposits of the Carajás Province with a single extensive hydrothermal system is precluded.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to the Vale Company, especially to Márcio Godoy, Benevides Aires, and Cleive Ribeiro, for the continuous and invaluable support. We are particularly thankful to the Editor-in-Chief of Mineralium Deposita, Dr. Georges Beaudoin, the Associate Editor Dr. Frank Melcher, and to the anonymous reviewers, whose critical comments and suggestions significantly improved the paper. We would also like to thank Erica Tonetto for her assistance with the SEM imaging. This research was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (grants 555065/2006-5, 472549/2009-0, 481969/2013-6), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—FAPESP (grants 03/11163-603/01159-1), (CNPq/FAPESPA/Petrobras 573733/2008-2), Convênio Vale/FAPESPA (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Pará) (01/2010 ICAAF 053/2011). Carolina P. N. Moreto also thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—FAPESP for the Ph.D. scholarship (grant 2009/18371-0).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geoscience Institute, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal 6152, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Carolina P. N. Moreto, Roberto P. Xavier, Gustavo H. C. Melo & Marco A. Delinardo da Silva

  2. Geoscience Institute, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Carolina P. N. Moreto, Lena V. S. Monteiro, Colombo C. G. Tassinari & Kei Sato

  3. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada

    Robert A. Creaser & S. Andrew DuFrane

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  1. Carolina P. N. Moreto
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  2. Lena V. S. Monteiro
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  3. Roberto P. Xavier
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Correspondence to Carolina P. N. Moreto.

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Editorial handling: F. Melcher and G. Beaudoin

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Moreto, C.P.N., Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P. et al. Timing of multiple hydrothermal events in the iron oxide–copper–gold deposits of the Southern Copper Belt, Carajás Province, Brazil. Miner Deposita 50, 517–546 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0549-9

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