Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Ichthyosaurs from the French Rhaetian indicate a severe turnover across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Naturwissenschaften Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mesozoic marine reptiles went through a severe turnover near the end of the Triassic. Notably, an important extinction event affected ichthyosaurs, sweeping a large part of the group. This crisis is, however, obscured by an extremely poor fossil record and is regarded as protracted over the entire Norian–earliest Jurassic interval, for the lack of a more precise scenario. The iconic whale-sized shastasaurid ichthyosaurs are regarded as early victims of this turnover, disappearing by the middle Norian. Here we evaluate the pattern of this turnover among ichthyosaurs by analysing the faunal record of two Rhaetian localities. One locality is Autun, eastern France; we rediscovered in this material the holotypes or partial ‘type’ series of Rachitrema pellati, Actiosaurus gaudryi, Ichthyosaurus rheticus, Ichthyosaurus carinatus and Plesiosaurus bibractensis; a revised taxonomic scheme is proposed. The second assemblage comes from a new locality: Cuers, southeastern France. Both these assemblages provide several lines of evidence for the presence of shastasaurid-like ichthyosaurs in the Rhaetian of Europe. These occurrences suggest that both the demise of shastasaurids and the sudden radiation of neoichthyosaurians occurred within a short time window; this turnover appears not only more abrupt but also more complex than previously postulated and adds a new facet of the end-Triassic mass extinction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agassiz L (1833–1843) Recherches sur les poissons fossiles. vol 3, 1420 pp. Neuchâtel et Soleure, Petitpierre

  • Bakker RT (1993) Plesiosaur extinction cycles—events that mark the beginning, middle and end of the Cretaceous. In: Caldwell WGE, Kauffman EG (eds) Evolution of the Western Interior Basin: Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, vol 39. Stittsville, Ontario, Canada, pp 641–664

  • Bambach RK (2006) Phanerozoic biodiversity mass extinctions. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 34:127–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bardet N (1992) Stratigraphic evidence for the extinction of the ichthyosaurs. Terra Nova 4:649–656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardet N (1994) Extinction events among Mesozoic marine reptiles. Hist Biol 7:313–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardet N, Cuny G (1993) Triassic reptile faunas from France. Paleontol Lombarda Nuova Serie 2:9–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardet N, Falconnet J, Fischer V, Houssaye A, Jouve S, Pereda Suberbiola X, Pérez-García A, Rage J-C, Vincent P (2014) Mesozoic marine reptile palaeobiogeography in response to drifting plates. Gondwana Res 26:869–887. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.05.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson RB, Evans M, Druckenmiller PS (2012) High diversity, low disparity and small body size in plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. PLoS ONE 7(3):e31838

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchholtz EA (2001) Swimming styles in Jurassic ichthyosaurs. J Vertebr Paleontol 21(1):61–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callaway JM, Massare J (1989) Geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the Triassic Ichthyosauria (Reptilia; Diapsida). N Jb Geol Paläont (Abh) 178:37–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Camp CL (1980) Large ichthyosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Nevada. Palaeontogr Abt A 170:139–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappetta H (2012) Chondrichthyes (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: teeth). Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Verlag F. Pfeil, vol 3E, p 512

  • Caron JPH (1967) Etude stratigraphique du Muschelkalk supérieur calcaire et dolomitique de Basse-Provence occidentale entre Bandol et Hyères (Var). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, septième série 9 (670–677)

  • Charles RP (1948) Note paléontologique sur le Trias de Provence. Bull Soc Géol Fr Cinquième Série 18:475–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Corroy G (1933) Les poissons et les reptiles du Muschelkalk et du Rhétien de Basse-Provence. Bull Soc Géol Fr Cinquième Série 3(5–6):475–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuny G (1995) French vertebrate faunas and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 119:343–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dal Sasso C, Pinna G (1996) Besanosaurus leptorhynchus n. gen. n. sp., a new Shastasaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of Besano (Lombardy, N. Italy). Paleontol Lombarda Nuova Serie 4:23

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalla Vecchia FM, Avanzini M (2002) New findings of isolated remains of Triassic reptiles from Northeastern Italy. Boll Soc Paleontol Ital 41(2–3):215–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Deenen MHL, Ruhl M, Bonis NR, Krijgsman W, Kuerschner WM, Reitsma M, van Bergen MJ (2010) A new chronology for the end-Triassic mass extinction. Earth Planet Sci Lett 291:113–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delsatte D, Lepage JC (1991) Requins et raies en Lorraine. Geolor 3:6–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffin CJ (1993) Late Triassic shark teeth (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (north-east France). In: Herman J, Van Waes H (eds) Elasmobranches et Stratigraphie, vol 264. Belgian Geological Survey, Professional Paper, pp 7–32

  • Duffin CJ (1998) New shark remains from the British Rhaetian (latest Triassic). 1. The earliest basking shark. Neues Jb Geol Paläontol Monat 3:157–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffin CJ, Delsatte D (1993) The age of the Upper Triassic vertebrate fauna from Attert (Province of Luxembourg, Belgium). In: Herman J, Van Waes H (eds) Elasmobranches et Stratigraphie, vol 264. Belgian Geological Survey, Professional Paper, pp 33–44

  • Fischer V, Maisch MW, Naish D, Liston J, Kosma R, Joger U, Krüger FJ, Pardo-Pérez J, Tainsh J, Appleby RM (2012) New ophthalmosaurids from the Early Cretaceous of Europe demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary. PLoS ONE 7(1):e29234. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer V, Appleby RM, Naish D, Liston J, Riding JB, Brindley S, Godefroit P (2013) A basal thunnosaurian from Iraq reveals disparate phylogenetic origins for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs. Biol Lett 9(20130021):1–6. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0021

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer V, Bardet N, Guiomar M, Godefroit P (2014) High diversity in Cretaceous Ichthyosaurs from Europe prior to their extinction. PLoS ONE 9(1):e84709. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084709

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fröbisch NB, Fröbisch J, Sander PM, Schmitz L, Rieppel O (2013) Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216750110

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gand G, Bourillot R, Brigaud B, Steyer J-S, Peyrouse J-B (2012) Les Reptiles et Synapsides fossiles de Bourgogne. Revue Scientifique Bourgogne-Nature, Hors-Série 12 (23–86)

  • Godefroit P (1993) Les grands ichthyosaures sinémuriens d’Arlon. Bull Inst R Sci Nat Belg Sci Terre 63:25–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallam A, Wignall PB (1997) Mass extinctions and their aftermath. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hautmann M (2001) Taxonomy and phylogeny of cementing Triassic bivalves (families Prospondylidae, Plicatulidae, Dimyidae and Ostreidae). Palaeontology 44(2):339–373. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hesselbo SP, Robinson SA, Surlyk F, Piasecki S (2002) Terrestrial and marine extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary synchronized with major carbon-cycle perturbation: a link to initiation of massive volcanism? Geology 30(3):251–254. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0251:tameat>2.0.co;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huene FV (1902) Übersicht über die Reptilien der Trias. Geol Paläontol Abh (Neue Serie) 6:1–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji C, Jiang D-Y, Motani R, Hao W-C, Sun Y-L (2010) Phylogenetic analysis of Shastasauridae illuminated by Guizhouichthyosaurus from China indicates a possible pathway of the migration of this family. J Vertebr Paleontol Prog Abs 2010:111A

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji C, Jiang D-Y, Motani R, Hao W-C, Sun Z-Y, Cai T (2013) A new juvenile specimen of Guanlingsaurus (Ichthyosauria, Shastasauridae) from the Upper Triassic of southwestern China. J Vertebr Paleontol 33(2):340–348. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.723082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson R (1977) Size independent criteria for estimating relative age and the relationship among growth parameters in a group of fossil reptiles (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria). Can J Earth Sci 14:1916–1924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley NP, Motani R, D-y J, Rieppel O, Schmitz L (2014) Selective extinction of Triassic marine reptiles during long-term sea-level changes illuminated by seawater strontium isotopes. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 400:9–16. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.07.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb C, Sander PM (2009) Redescription of the ichthyosaur Platypterygius hercynicus (Kuhn 1946) from the Lower Cretaceous of Salzgitter (Lower Saxony, Germany). Palaeontogr Abt A Palaeozool-Stratigr 288(4–6):151–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas SG (2002) Toretocnemus, a Late Triassic ichthyosaur from California, U.S.A. and Sonora, Mexico. N M Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 21:275–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisch MW (1998) A new ichthyosaur genus from the Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian, Jurassic) of Holzmaden, SW-Germany with comments on the phylogeny of post-Triassic ichthyosaurs. Neues Jb Geol Palaontol Abh 209(1):47–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisch MW (1999) Leptonectiden und Temnodontosauriden (Ichthyosauria) aus dem Alpha-Ölschiefer (Sinemurium) von Baden-Württemberg (SW-Deutschland). Neues Jb Geol Paläontol Monat 8:490–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisch MW (2002) Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs; Part IX, The first associated skeletal remains of Merriamosaurus n. g. (Ichthyosauria, Lower Triassic) and their bearing on the systematic position of the Omphalosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, vol 226. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Republic of Germany

  • Maisch MW (2010) Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria - the state of the art. Palaeodiversity 3:151–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisch MW, Matzke AT (2000) The Ichthyosauria. Stuttg Beitr Naturkunde Ser B (Geol Palaeontol) 298:1–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisch MW, Reisdorf A, Schlatter R, Wetzel A (2008) A large skull of Ichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Frick (NW Switzerland). Swiss J Geosci 101(3):617–627

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mander L, Twitchett RJ, Benton MJ (2008) Palaeoecology of the late Triassic extinction event in the SW UK. J Geol Soc 165(1):319–332. doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JE, Fischer V, Vincent P, Suan G (2012) A longirostrine Temnodontosaurus (Ichthyosauria) with comments on Early Jurassic ichthyosaur niche partitioning and disparity. Palaeontology 55(5):995–1005. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01159.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JE, Vincent P, Suan G, Sharpe T, Hodges P, Williams M, Howels C, Fischer V (In Press) A mysterious giant ichthyosaur from the lowermost Jurassic of Wales. Acta Palaeontol Pol. doi:10.4202/app.00062.2014

  • Maxwell EE, Zammit M, Druckenmiller PS (2012) Morphology and orientation of the ichthyosaurian femur. J Vertebr Paleontol 32(5):1207–1211. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.682834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (1974a) A revision of the latipinnate ichthyosaurs of the Lower Jurassic of England (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria). Life Sci Contrib R Ont Mus 100:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (1974b) A revision of the longipinnate ichthyosaurs of the Lower Jurassic of England, with description of the new species (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria). Life Sci Contrib R Ont Mus 97:1–37

    Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (1989) Leptopterygius tenuirostris and other long-snouted ichthyosaurs from the English Lower Lias. Palaeontology 32(3):409–427

    Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (1994) A new species of Shastasaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Triassic of British Columbia; the most complete exemplar of the genus. J Vertebr Paleontol 14:168–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (1995) A remarkable small ichthyosaur from the upper Triassic of British Columbia, representing a new genus and species. Can J Earth Sci 32:292–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (1996a) Giant ichthyosaurs of the Early Jurassic. Can J Earth Sci 33(7):1011–1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (1996b) A new and typically Jurassic ichthyosaur from the Upper Triassic of Birtish Columbia. Can J Earth Sci 33 (24–32)

  • McGowan C (1997) A transitional ichthyosaur fauna. In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL (eds) Ancient marine reptiles. Academic, San Diego, pp 61–80

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C (2003) A new specimen of Excalibosaurus from the English Lower Jurassic. J Vertebr Paleontol 23(4):950–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C, Motani R (1999) A reinterpretation of the Upper Triassic ichthyosaur Shonisaurus. J Vertebr Paleontol 19(1):42–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan C, Motani R (2003) Part 8. Ichthyopterygia. Handbook of Paleoherpetology, vol 8. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, p 175

  • Merriam JC (1902) Triassic ichthyopterygia from California and Nevada. Univ Calif Publ: Bull Dep Geol 3(4):63–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriam JC (1908) Triassic Ichthyosauria with special reference to the American forms. Mem Univ Calif 1:1–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Motani R (1997) Temporal and spatial distribution of tooth implantation in ichthyosaurs. In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL (eds) Ancient marine reptiles. Academic, San Diego, pp 81–103

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Motani R (1999) Phylogeny of the ichthyopterygia. J Vertebr Paleontol 19(3):473–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motani R, Manabe M, Dong Z-M (1999) The status of Himalayasaurus tibetensis (Ichthyopterygia). Paludicola 2:174–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller J (2007) First record of a thalattosaur from the Upper Triassic of Austria. J Vertebr Paleontol 27(1):236–240. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[236:FROATF]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls EL, Manabe M (2001) A new genus of ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic Pardonet Formation of British Columbia: bridging the Triassic-Jurassic gap. Can J Earth Sci 38:983–1002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls EL, Manabe M (2004) Giant ichthyosaurs of the Triassic—a new species of Shonisaurus from the Pardonet Formation (Norian: Late Triassic) of British Columbia. J Vertebr Paleontol 24(4):838–849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen PE, Kent DV, Sues H-D, Koeberl C, Huber H, Montanari A, Rainforth EC, Fowell SJ, Szajna MJ, Hartline BW (2002) Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 296(5571):1305–1307. doi:10.1126/science.1065522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quenstedt FA (1856–1858) Der Jura. 842 pp., Tübingen (Laupp)

  • Sander PM (1989) The large ichthyosaur Cymbospondylus buchseri, sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), with a survey of the genus in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol 9. University of Oklahoma : Norman, OK, United States, United States

  • Sander PM (1997) The paleobiogeography of Shastasaurus. In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL (eds) Ancient marine reptiles. Academic, San Diego, pp 17–43

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sander PM, Chen X, Cheng L, Wang X (2011) Short-snouted toothless ichthyosaur from China suggests Late Triassic diversification of suction feeding ichthyosaurs. PLoS ONE 6(5):e19480

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauvage HE (1876) Note sur les débris d’ichthyosaure des couches rhétiennes de Saône-et-Loire. Ann Sci Géol 7(Article 6):1–1

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauvage HE (1883) Recherches sur les reptiles trouvés dans l’étage rhétien des environs d’Autun. Ann Sci Géol 14(6, Article 3):1–44

  • Sauvage HE (1903) Note sur les reptiles de l’étage Rhétien des environs d’Autun. Bull Soc Hist Nat Autun 16:309–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoene B, Guex J, Bartolini A, Schaltegger U, Blackburn TJ (2010) Correlating the end-Triassic mass extinction and flood basalt volcanism at the 100 ka level. Geology 38(5):387–390. doi:10.1130/g30683.1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shang Q-H, Li C (2009) On the occurence of the ichthyosaur Shastasaurus in the Guanling biota (Late Triassic), Guizhou, China. Vertebr Pal Asiat 47(3):178–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit J, Kyte F, de Graaff SJ, Jansen MN, de Raad FM (2014) Iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic (TrJ) mass-extinction event in Canj, Montenegro: evidence for extraterrestrial rather than terrestrial cause. Geophys Res Abstr 16(EGU2014-5560-3):1

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith PL, Longridge LM, Grey M, Zhang J, Liang B (2014) From near extinction to recovery: Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic ammonoid shell geometry. Lethaia 47(3):337–351. doi:10.1111/let.12058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storrs GW (1994) Fossil vertebrate faunas of the Birtish Rhaetian (latest Triassic). Zool J Linnean Soc 112:217–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storrs GW, Gower DJ (1993) The earliest possible choristodere (Diapsida) and gaps in the fossil record of semi-aquatic reptiles. J Geol Soc Lond 150:1103–1107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes JH (1971) A new Dalatiid fish from the Rhaetic bone-bed at Barnstone, Nottinghamshire. Mercian Geol 4:13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner L, Lucas S, Chapman M (2004) Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions. Earth Sci Rev 65:103–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne PM, Ruta M, Benton MJ (2011) Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(20):8339–8344. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018959108

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Schootbrugge B, Bachan A, Suan G, Richoz S, Payne JL (2013) Microbes, mud and methane: cause and consequence of recurrent early Jurassic anoxia following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeontology 56(4):685–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside JH, Olsen PE, Eglinton T, Brookfield ME, Sambrotto RN (2010) Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth’s largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:6721–6725. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001706107

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wignall PB, Bond DPG (2008) The end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinction records in the British Isles. Proc Geol Assoc 119(1):73–84. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80259-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wotzlaw J-F, Guex J, Bartolini A, Gallet Y, Krystyn L, McRoberts CA, Taylor D, Schoene B, Schaltegger U (2014) Towards accurate numerical calibration of the Late Triassic: High-precision U-Pb geochronology constraints on the duration of the Rhaetian. Geology 42(7):571–574. doi:10.1130/g35612

  • Zapfe H (1976) Ein großer Ichthyosaurier aus den Kössener Schichten der Nordalpen. Ann Naturhist Mus Wien 80:239–250

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

S.G. and V.F. are grateful to P. Van Peer, R. Speijer and A. van Baelen (K.U. Leuven) for access to the paleontological collections currently under their care. We also thank W. Van Neer and M. Coen-Aubert (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Belgium) for supplying valuable information on the history of the Leuven collections. G.G. and X.V. thank our colleagues L. Villiers (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France), who allowed us to consult the collections of Derognat (University St. Charles, Marseille, France), and M. Schuster (University of Strasbourg) for scientific discussions concerning the sedimentology of the Cuers section. The reptile material from Cuers was prepared at the University of Poitiers. We thank also P. Orsini, F. Dussoulier and S. Giner (Natural History Museum of Toulon) for accepting the deposit of the ichthyosaur specimens from Cuers and interest in the project. We also thank three anonymous reviewers and editor S. Thatje for helping us improve this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Université de Liège, B18 Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium

    Valentin Fischer

  2. Earth and History of Life O.D., Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Rue Vautier, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Valentin Fischer & Stijn Goolaerts

  3. Equipe “Paléontologie”, UMR 5554 “Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution”, Université de Montpellier II Cc 064, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France

    Henri Cappetta

  4. Sorbonne Universités, CR2P-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC-Paris 6, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 38, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France

    Peggy Vincent

  5. IPHEP, UMR7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, TSA 51106, 6 rue M. Brunet, 86073, Poitiers, France

    Géraldine Garcia & Xavier Valentin

  6. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium

    Stijn Goolaerts

  7. UMR 5276 CNRS, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Terre, Planètes et Environement, ENS de Lyon et Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France

    Jeremy E. Martin

  8. 25 Avenue de Lattre de Tassigny, 13127, Vitrolles, France

    Daniel Roggero

  9. Association de Recherches Paléontologiques du Var, Mairie, 83670, Fox-Amphoux, France

    Xavier Valentin

Authors
  1. Valentin Fischer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Henri Cappetta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peggy Vincent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Géraldine Garcia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Stijn Goolaerts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jeremy E. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Daniel Roggero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Xavier Valentin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Valentin Fischer.

Additional information

Communicated by: Sven Thatje

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOCX 32550 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fischer, V., Cappetta, H., Vincent, P. et al. Ichthyosaurs from the French Rhaetian indicate a severe turnover across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Naturwissenschaften 101, 1027–1040 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-014-1242-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-014-1242-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation