Skip to main content
Log in

Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS)—still top gun in chronic anal fissure treatment?

Spotlight on a disputed technique

Die laterale internus Sphinkterotomie (LIS) – nach wie vor ein Topshot in der Behandlung der chronischen Analfissur?

Eine umstrittene Technik im Fokus

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
coloproctology Aims and scope

Abstract

Background

Anal fissure is one of the most common proctological complaints. If the fissure persists for more than 6–8 weeks, it is termed a chronic fissure and will most likely need surgical intervention. Surgical partial transection of the internal sphincter muscle, lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS), is still seen as the gold standard procedure for chronic anal fissure in many parts of the world, especially in the Anglo-American community. In contrast, the German-speaking surgical community favors fissurectomy ± application of Botox, as some studies report high postoperative incontinence rates after LIS.

Objective

This paper aims to give an overview of the literature on LIS and its outcomes and answer the question, “Is LIS still the gold standard surgical approach for chronic anal fissure?”

Material and methods

A literature search for “sphincterotomy,” “internal sphincter,” and “anal fissure” was performed in PubMed. For the purpose of this overview article, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, up-to-date guidelines, and retrospective cohort studies were taken into account.

Results and conclusion

LIS produces excellent rates of fissure healing (~95%), quick symptom relief, and high patient satisfaction. Incontinence after LIS is mostly described as mild and transient. In the authors’ view, open LIS is therefore rightfully still the gold standard procedure for treatment of chronic anal fissure in the majority of patients. A conservative approach with limited division of internal sphincter muscle is preferred. For patients with preexisting sphincter weakness and an increased risk of incontinence, further preoperative diagnostic assessment (anal manometry, endoanal ultrasound) is recommended. In this high-risk group, alternative surgical options might be preferred.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Analfissur ist eine der häufigsten proktologischen Diagnosen. Besteht sie länger als 6–8 Wochen wird sie zur chronischen Fissur, welche in der Regel eine operative Intervention benötigt. Vor allem im englischsprachigen Raum wird die chirurgische Durchtrennung eines Teils des internen Sphinktermuskels, die laterale Internus Sphinkterotomie (LIS), nach wie vor als „Goldstandard“ in der chirurgischen Behandlung angesehen. Dies steht im Kontrast zur deutschsprachigen chirurgischen Gemeinschaft, welche der Fissurektomie ± Botoxinjektion den Vorzug gibt, da nach LIS zum Teil eine hohe Inkontinenzrate beschriebenen wird.

Ziel

Aufbereitung der aktuellen Literatur rund um LIS – ist der Status von LIS als Goldstandard-Therapie in der chronischen Analfissur nach wie vor vertretbar?

Material und Methoden

Aktuelle Literatur rund um LIS wurde in „pubmed“ identifiziert. Dabei wurden sowohl RCT, Metaanalysen, aktuelle Guidelines, sowie retrospektive Kohortenstudien berücksichtigt.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Die Vorteile von LIS bestehen in einer ausgezeichneten Heilungsrate (~95 %), einer prompten Symptomlinderung und dementsprechend hoher Patientenzufriedenheit. Postoperative Inkontinenz nach LIS wird meist als mild und transient beschrieben. Die Autoren vertreten daher die Meinung, dass eine offene, laterale Sphinkterotomie nach wie vor dem „Gold Standard“ der chirurgischen Fissurbehandlung entspricht. Dabei wird ein „konservativer Approach“ mit limitierter Muskeldurchtrennung bevorzugt. Bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf bereits bestehende Sphinkterschwäche werden weitergehende präoperative Abklärungen (Manometrie, endoanaler Ultraschall) empfohlen. Bei dieser „Risikogruppe“ kann ein Ausweichen auf alternative chirurgische Techniken sinnvoll sein.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cross KL, Massey EJ, Fowler AL, Monson JR (2008) The management of anal fissure: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis 10(Suppl3):1–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dykes SL, Madoff RD (2007) Benign anorectal: anal fissure. In: The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery. Springer, New York, pp 178–191

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Aigner F (2008) Letter to the editor: fissurectomy for treatment of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum 51:1163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nelson RL et al (2011) Operative procedures for fissure in ano. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002199.pub4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Alonso-Coello P et al (2008) Guia de practica clinica sobre el manejo de la fisura anal. Gastroenterol Hepatol 31(10):668–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Altomare et al (2011) The management of patients with primary chronic anal fissure: a position paper. Tech Coloproctol 15:135–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Raulf F et al (2008) AWMF, Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Koloproktologie

    Google Scholar 

  8. American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Stewart D et al (2017) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum 60:7–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wald A et al (2014) ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 109:1141–1157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Eisenhammer S (1959) The evaluation of the internal anal sphincterotomy operation with special reference to anal fissure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 109:583–590

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Parks AG (1967) The management of fissure in ano. Hosp Med 1:737

    Google Scholar 

  12. Notaras MJ (1969) Lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy for anal fissure: a new technique. Proc R Soc Med 62:713

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Memon AS, Siddiqui FG, Hamad A (2010) Fissurectomy with posterior midline sphincterotomy for management of chronic anal fissure. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 20(4):229–223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Nelson RL et al (2017) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol 21(8):605–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ebinger et al (2017) Operative and medical treatment of chronic anal fissures—a review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol 52:663–676

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mousavi S, Sharifi M, Mhedikha Z (2009) A comparison between the results of fissurectomy and lateral internal sphincterotomy in the surgical management of chronic anal fissure. J Gastrointest Surg 13:1279–1282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hasse et al (2004) Lateral partial sphincter myotomy as therapy of chronic anal fissure: long term outcome of an epidemiological cohort study. Chirurg 75:160–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nyam DC, Pemberton JH (1999) Long-term results of lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with particular reference to incidence of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 42(10):1306–1310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Acar T et al (2019) Treatment of chronic anal fissure: is lateral open sphincterotomy a safe and adequate option? Asian J Surg 42:628–633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Vaithianathan R, Panneerselvam S (2015) Randomised Prospective Controlled Trial of Topical 2% Diltiazem Versus Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy for the Treatment of Chronic Fissure in Ano. Indian Surg 77(Suppl 3):1484–1487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hancke E, Schwaner S (2003) Chronische Analfissur – Operative Behandlung mit Analdilatation, Exzision der Analfissur versus laterale Sphinkterotomie. coloproctology 25:95–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Garg P, Garg M, Menon G (2013) Long-term continence disturbance after LIS for chronic anal fissure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 15:e104–e117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hyman N (2004) Incontinence after lateral internal sphincterotomy: a prospective study and quality of life assessment. Dis Colon Rectum 47(1):35–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mentes et al (2006) Results of lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with particular reference to quality of life. Dis Colon Rectum 49(7):1045–1051

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Elsebae M (2007) A study of fecal incontinence in patients with chronic anal fissure: prospective, randomized, controlled trial of the extent of internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy. World J Surg 31:2052–2057

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wiley et al (2004) Open vs. closed lateral internal sphincterotomy for idiopathic fissure-in-ano: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 47(6):847–852

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rosa et al (2005) Calibrated LIS for chronic anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol 9(2):127–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mentes et al (2005) Extent of lateral internal sphincerotomy: up to the dentate line or up to the fissure apex. Dis Colon Rectum 48(2):365–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Garcea G et al (2003) Results following conservative lateral sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissures. Colorectal Dis 5(4):311–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Alawady M, Emile S, Abdelnaby M, Elbanna H, Farid M (2018) Posterolateral versus lateral internal anal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 33:1461–1467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Holzgang MD.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

M. Holzgang and D. Jayne declare that they have no competing interests.

For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Holzgang, M., Jayne, D. Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS)—still top gun in chronic anal fissure treatment?. coloproctology 42, 478–484 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00053-020-00454-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00053-020-00454-9

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation