Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), also known as hepatoma, is the most prevalent type of primary liver cancer. It begins in the hepatocytes, the liver’s major cell type. Cancer that began in another region of the body but has spread to the liver is known as secondary cancer of life; several still unmet demands for better, less toxic therapy to treat this malignant tumor. Several novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized as part of our goal to develop promising anticancer drugs. All the synthesized hybrids have been screened for their cytotoxicity effect against three cancer cell lines which are; HepG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7. The liver cancer cells were found to be the most sensitive to the effect of the new molecules. A subsequent set of in vitro biological evaluation studies has been conducted on the most promising derivatives to identify their effect on such a cancer type. In HepG-2 cells, four derivatives (8a, 8b, 10c, and 11b) demonstrated good anticancer activity. The most efficacious compounds were 8b and 10c, which had IC50 values of 2.36 ± 0.14 and 1.14 ± 0.063 μM, respectively, higher than the reference medication Imatinib. The latter’s putative molecular effect has been investigated further by looking at its influence on the cell cycle, EGFR, and specific apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers in HepG-2 cells. These findings indicated that 8b and 10c could trigger apoptosis by upregulating BAX and caspase-3 and cell cycle at the Pre-G1 and G2-M stages. The compounds 8b and 10c showed high potency for EGFR with IC50 equal to 0.098 and 0.079 μM, respectively. Compound 10c had the most effective inhibitory activity for EGFR L858R-TK with IC50 (36.79 nM). Additionally, in silico ADMET and docking studies were done for the most active hits, representing good results.
Graphical Abstract
Novel Fluorinated Pyrazole-Based Heterocycles Scaffold: Cytotoxicity, In Silico Studies and Molecular Modelling Targeting Double Mutant EGFR L858R/T790M as Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Agents
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Introduction
Cancer has gradually become a major threat to human health with ecological changes and environmental deterioration [1,2,3,4]. Cancer is one of the degenerative conditions of rodents and people because of age [5,6,7]. A balance between cellular proliferation, distinguishing, and apoptosis is organized in physiological processes [8]. Cell death is a programmed process that can be enhanced through DNA-damaging drugs such as chemotherapeutic substances and radiation; apoptosis is a dynamic process. In recent studies, a good relationship has been shown between increased resistance to cancer medicines and decreased apoptosis [9]. Therefore, apoptosis is a major determinant of anticancer therapy responsiveness [10]. Apoptosis suppression is therefore supposed to play an important role in cancer progression during the entire course of carcinogenesis [11, 12]. BAX is a humanly encrypted protein called the Bcl-2-like protein 4, used in apoptosis-regulating systems. It is also a member of the Bcl-2 gene families, which may make hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulatory bodies involved in a wide range of cellular activities [13, 14]. This protein is the heterodimer with Bcl-2, which functions as an apoptotic activator.
Caspase 3 is the most important protein in the caspase family that is highly conserved and functions as a central apoptosis regulator in multicellular organisms. Thus, it has become an attractive strategy for the treatment of cancer in critical regulators of apoptosis to induce apoptosis in cancer cells [11, 15,16,17,18,19]. The molecular mechanisms used by cancer cells for apoptosis are multifarious [20]. They acquire apoptosis resistance through the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2, or the down-regulation of various caspases and pro-apoptotic proteins like BAX [21]. A significant determinant of cell survival is the relationship between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic levels [22].
In addition, the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR) receptor, which is overexpressed by many cancer cells, such as (breasts, ovaries, and the human colon) is a trans-membranous glycoprotein tyrosine kinase receptor [23]. The overexpression of the EGFR family leads to multiple tyrosine residues being auto-phosphorylated within a COOH terminal waist receptor and to some cell proliferation, differentiation, and anti-apoptosis storm. Therefore, an important role in the development of targeted chemical therapeutic agents was found in the inhibition of the EGFR family [23,24,25]. The anticancer agents currently suffer from various adverse effects associated with drugs and/or multidrug resistance to tumors [26,27,28] in clinical cases. One of the strategies to solve this problem is to discover new molecules with high-potential cancer activities with rapidly growing multidrug resistance.
Moreover, pyrazolo-pyrimidines are rigid heterocycles that have recently emerged as animated building blocks for pharmaceuticals. Due to their broad potential biological and chemotherapeutic activities, organic chemists have been attracted by pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives in recent years. Pyrazolo-pyrimidine’s biological activities include anxiolytic [29], tuberculostatic [30], neuroleptic [31], benzodiazepine receptor ligands [32], antimalarial, antioxidant [33], and antifungal effects [34]. Also, they appeared in many significant bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory [35], anticancer [36,37,38,39,40,41], and antimicrobial [42].
Fluorine-containing building blocks are also significant since they are commonly used in the production of medications across a wide range of therapeutic applications [43]. The trifluoromethyl group, which is one of the most lipophilic groups, has several dramatic consequences on the pharmacological properties of the molecule [44,45,46,47,48]. It simplifies the absorption of fluorinated molecules into cell membranes, improving selectivity, effectiveness, and bioavailability [49]. The inclusion of the azo group has also been shown to improve the biological activity of heterocyclic compounds [50,51,52]. Developing novel analogs based on established inhibitors is a significant way of detecting new anticancer medications with great efficiency, as is using a pharmacophore hybridization approach for synthesizing new bioactive chemicals in modern medicinal chemistry.
Depending on the previous results and in continuation of our previous efforts in designing new heterocyclic compounds having biological activity [53,54,55,56,57,58,59]. Based on the aforementioned data regarding the biological significance of both pyrazolo-pyrimidines, Fluorine, and azo group moieties, it was conceptualized that the tethering of these pharmacophores in one scaffold using a fragment-based drug design approach would be of great interest to develop highly potent anticancer agents.
As a result, we reported the design and synthesis of new pyrazoles and pyrazolopyrimidines with trifluoromethyl and azo moieties attached to their molecular framework to investigate the influence of such a connection on anticancer activity and cytotoxicity in the new materials. The effect of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway BAX and Bcl-2 proteins were next studied, followed by kinases assays such as EGFR in both wild type and mutant type, cell cycle progression to examine the mode of action, and finally in silico analysis such as molecular docking and ADMET was performed (Fig. 1).
Discussion
Chemistry
In the current work, the procedures described in Schemes 1–3 were used to synthesize the target hybrids.
Synthesis of 3-hydroxy pyrazole derivatives 4a&b
The use of 5-amino-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyldiazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol (4a) to afford pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives 5-8
Synthetic pathway of Pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives 10 & 11
According to the literature, the initial chemical, 3-trifluoro aniline, was diazotized and then linked with ethyl cyanoacetate while sodium acetate was present [60].
The IR spectra of compound 3 revealed a peak at 3218 attributable to NH and a distinct peak of the C≡N group at 2219 cm−1, confirming the structure of the molecule. In the 1H NMR, triplet and quartet signals for CH3 and CH2-ester appeared at δ 1.26 and 4.26 ppm, respectively, as well as a single new D2O exchangeable peak for NH proton at δ 12.38 ppm.
3-Hydroxy pyrazole derivatives 4a&b were prepared through the reaction of hydrazono-ethyl cyanoacetate with hydrazine hydrate [61] and phenyl-hydrazine via reflux in ethanol.
Based on elemental and spectral data, the proposed structures of compounds 4a and b were verified. Strong absorption bands at 3403, 3326, and 3128 cm−1, which correspond to the OH, NH2, and NH groups, were visible in the IR spectrum (KBr/cm−1) of compound 4a.
A singlet signal at δ 5.92 ppm due to NH2 protons, a singlet signal at δ 10.53 due to OH, and a singlet signal at δ 12.89 due to an NH proton were all visible in the 1H NMR spectrum (ppm). Additionally, due to two aromatic protons, there were two doublets at δ 7.40 (J = 9 Hz), 7.78 (J = 9 Hz), a triplet, and a singlet signal at δ 7.55 and δ 7.96 ppm. The 13C NMR spectra revealed three signals for 3C-pyrazole at δ 111.93, 150.31, and δ 158.69 ppm as well as a signal for CF3 at δ 119.54 ppm in addition to the aromatic carbons. A molecular ion peak with the chemical formula C10H8F3N5O was visible in the mass spectrum at m/z = 271 [M. + ].
In continuation of this research interest in the synthesis of biologically important heterocyclic compounds, a series of new 2-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines derivatives were synthesized starting with 5-amino-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyldiazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol (4a). Thus, when reacting pyrazole derivative 4a with acetylacetone in glacial acetic acid under reflux, 5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (5) was afforded.
Based on analytical and spectral data, the structure of 5 was identified and validated (IR, MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR). Strong absorption bands at 3401 and 1635 cm−1, which correspond to the OH and C=N groups, respectively, were visible in its IR spectra (KBr/cm−1). Three singlets were visible in its 1H NMR spectra, including CH-pyrimidine at δ 7.23 ppm and 2CH3 protons at δ 2.56 and δ 2.60 ppm, respectively.
Additionally, two doublets of the aromatic protons were seen at δ 7.56 and δ 8.00 ppm, one triplet at δ 7.69 ppm, and one singlet at δ 8.05 ppm. Finally, a singlet was assigned at δ 7.01 ppm for the swapped D2O proton from the OH proton. A molecular ion peak was visible in the mass spectrum at m/z = 335 (23.65%), which corresponds to the molecular formula C15H12F3N5O. A base peak was also visible at m/z = 40, which corresponds to C2O┐•+. Similar to this, when 4a was combined with benzoyl acetone in acetic acid, the result was a substance that was constructed as either structure 6 or 7. Using steric hindrance as justification, the structure of 7 was quickly abandoned. The use of spectrum data and elemental analysis supported the structure of 6. A broad region of its IR spectra, corresponding to OH at 3460 cm−1 and C = N at 636 cm−1, was visible. Three singlet signals, corresponding to CH3, CH-pyrimidine, and OH, were detected in the sample’s 1H NMR spectra at δ 2.65, δ 7.44, and δ 8.08 ppm, respectively. A molecular ion peak at m/z = 397 [M.+, 23.65%] in the mass spectrum of compound 6 was seen together with a base peak at m/z = 131. This peak corresponds to the molecular formula C20H14F3N5O.
Furthermore, it has been found that treatment of 4a with ethyl acetoacetates in acetic acid led to the formation of a product that was formulated as pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 8a&b [62]. Compounds 8a&b are assumed to be formed via initial condensation of the exocyclic amino function in 4a with the carbonyl group in ethyl acetoacetate to give the intermediate which readily cyclized to the final isolable product. Structure 8 is suggested for the reaction product based on both elemental and spectral analyses. The IR spectrum of compound 8a showed bands related to 2 OH and N = N functions which appeared at 3313, 3179, and 1566 cm−1 respectively, while compound 8b appeared at 3176 cm−1 (OH). 1H NMR spectrum for 8a revealed two singlet signals at δ 2.37, 5.94 ppm assigned for CH3 and CH-pyrimidine protons, the aromatic protons appeared as multiplet, doublet, and singlet signals at δ 7.38, 8.03, and 8.11 ppm respectively, while two exchangeable singlet signals appeared at δ 10.54, 12.85 ppm due to the two OH protons. 13C NMR of compound 8a showed methyl group at δ 19.00 besides the aromatic carbons. The mass spectrum of 8a showed an ion peak at m/z = 337 corresponding to the molecular formula C14H10F3N5O2 with a base peak at m/z 40 with C2H2N┐+ molecular formula.
Similar to the behavior of amino pyrazole [60] towards the activated double bonds, 2-hydroxy-5-amino pyrazole 4a was reacted with arylidene-malononitriles in ethanol containing piperidine as a catalyst producing a product that was analyzed as 7-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 10a-c. Structure 10 was established based on elemental analysis and spectral data. IR spectrum of 10b showed bands related to NH2, OH functions as two bands 3336 and 3125 cm−1, and C ≡ N group at 2214 cm−1. 1H NMR spectrum of 10b revealed a singlet signal at δ 2.39 ppm attributed to CH3 and the NH2 protons were observed at δ 5.95 ppm while a doublet signal appeared at δ 8.04 ppm and a singlet signal at δ 8.14 ppm beside the aromatic protons were observed as multiplet in the region δ 7.33–7.96 ppm. 13C NMR of 10b showed signals at δ 21.46 ppm due to CH3, δ 116.23 ppm (C≡N), δ 124.83 ppm (CF3) besides the Ar-C. The mass spectrum of 10b showed a molecular ion peak at m/z = 437 (21.96%) corresponding to a formula C21H14F3N7O.
The interaction of the amino pyrazole 4a with the ethyl cyanocinnamates in ethanol that contains a little amount of piperidine, the 7-amino 11, or the 7-hydroxy 12 appeared to provide probable products for such a reaction. On the other hand, spectral data allowed for the identification of the 7-aminoypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 11 as the single reaction product. Compound 11 is thought to be created by first adding the exocyclic amino group from compound 4a to the unsaturated system, cyclizing it by adding the pyrazole NH to the cyano group nucleophilically, and then spontaneously auto-oxidizing it by losing the H2 molecule. Based on both elemental and spectral analyses, it was proposed that the reaction product has the structure of compound 11. The IR spectrum of compound 11a revealed the existence of absorption bands at 3427, 3308, and 1680 cm−1, which correspond to the OH, NH2, and C = O functions, respectively, however, the presence of the cyano group was absent. In its 1H NMR spectra, CH3 and CH2-ester were seen as triplet and quartet at δ 0.89 and δ 4.0 ppm, respectively, and CH3-phenyl was seen at δ 2.36 ppm.
Additionally, two singlet signals that represented the OH and NH2 protons that were subsequently annihilated by D2O occurred at δ 8.02 and δ 8.3 ppm.
Biological evaluation
In vitro cytotoxic activity
The newly synthesized hybrids, 4a, 5, 8a&b, 10a-c, 11a&b were screened for their anticancer activity against three human cell lines which are liver carcinoma cell line (HepG-2), colon cancer cell line (HCT-116), and human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) compared with the standard Imatinib as a reference drug.
It should be mentioned that (2,7-dihydroxy)pyrazolo-pyrimidine 8a,b displayed potent anticancer activity compared to its mono-hydroxy analogs (5) were 2-3 fold decrease of activity upon replacement of the OH- position 7- with the CH3. 5-Methyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8a) showed almost equipotent activity of imatinib against HepG-2, half potent of activity of imatinib against HCT-116 and 0.75 of activity of imatinib against MCF-7, and its analog 8b showed twice the anticancer activity of imatinib against HepG-2, 1.25 of activity against MCF-7 and 1/6 of activity against HCT-116.
It is worth also mentioning that the 6-cyano-pyrazolopyrimidines 10b&c bearing a substituted phenyl group at 5-position were by far much more effective antiproliferative activity than their counterparts 10a with a non-substituted phenyl analogous. Compound 10c showed high potent anticancer activity five times of activity of the reference standard against HepG-2, almost half of the activity against HCT-116, and 0.75 of activity against MCF-7, at the same time compound 10b exerted potent anticancer activity compared to the reference drug with (IC50 = 7.9, 7.97, 10.1 μM/mL) respectively.
Except for compound 11b against the HepG-2 cell line, it was found that replacement of the cyano group in position 6- of the pyrazolo-pyrimidine scaffold by acetate substituents as in compounds 11a & 11b lead to poor anticancer activity against all other tested cell lines.
Effect on normal cells
The cytotoxic activities of the most promising compounds 8a, 8b, 10c, and 11b in normal non-cancer cells were examined for the selectivity of the pyrazolopyrimidine by cancer cells (WI-38 cells). As it appeared in Table 1, the most potent hybrids had IC50 values ranging from 109.4 to 162.1 M. The selective index (SI) statistics in Table 1 show that the trifluoromethyl-phenyl core linked to pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives had a high degree of lethal selectivity. For example, the most potent hybrid, 7-amino-2-hydroxy-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile (10c), had the safest molecule with IC50 (162.1 M) and the highest SI (142.19, 61.63, and 45.92). Simultaneously, dimethyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8b) demonstrated IC50 (89.75 M) with SI (65.97, 37.70, and 30.77) to the cell line examined.
SAR study
In this work, compounds 4a, 5, 8a&b, 10a-c, 11a&b were tested for their anticancer activity against three human cell lines: the HepG-2 liver carcinoma cell line, the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line, and the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.
From the structure of the newly synthesized hits, it was found that all compounds are similar in their structure to some extent as there is a substitution of trifluoromethyl (CF3) on the phenyl ring as well as the presence of hydroxyl group on the pyrazole ring. The difference between the structures represented at the substitution on the pyrimidine ring.
Based on the screening results, it was discovered that (2,7-dihydroxy)pyrazolo-pyrimidine 8a,b exhibited powerful anticancer activity in comparison to its mono-hydroxy analogues (5), with a 2-3 fold drop in activity upon substitution of the OH- position 7- with the CH3 -pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8a) displayed almost equal imatinib activity against HepG-2, half-potent imatinib activity against HCT-116, and 0.75 imatinib activity against MCF-7, whereas 8b displayed twice the imatinib anticancer activity against HepG-2, 1.25 imatinib activity against MCF-7, and 1/6 imatinib activity against HCT-116, this may be due to the presence of hydroxyl group on the pyrimidine ring which have positive mesomeric effect.
It’s also important to note that the presence of substituted phenyl group at position 5 of the 6-cyano-pyrazolopyrimidines is important for the anticancer activity, compounds which have substituted phenyl groups at the 5-position, have far stronger antiproliferative effects than their counterparts 10a, which have non-substituted phenyl group. Furthermore, when the substitution presented as methoxy group as in compound 10c demonstrated extremely powerful anticancer activity, this may be due to the positive mesomeric effect of the methoxy group. Also, the presence of cyano group of such compounds 10b&c found to have an effect on the anticancer activity because when it replaced by ester group as in compounds 11 the activity decreased against all tested cell lines.
Apoptosis detection studies
Effect on the active Caspase 3 level
Caspase 3 activation is a hallmark of apoptosis and can be used in cell assays for the quantification of activators and death cascade inhibitors. The most active analogs of 8a, 8b, 10c, and 11b for their impact on Caspase 3 were assessed. Compounds 8b and 10c have increased their active level of Caspase 3 to 10.61, and 11.24 folds, respectively, about the control while 8a and 11b increased their active level of Caspase 3 by 9.86, and 7.81 folds, respectively, which is considered an Apoptosis Marker (Fig. 2 & Table 2).
Rational design of pyrazolo-pyrimidine molecules with different substitutions
Effect on mitochondrial apoptosis pathway proteins BAX and Bcl-2
Various direct activators for BAX (pro-apoptotic) were found to promise cancer therapy with the benefits of specificities and the potential to overcome chemical and radial resistance. If BAX values in mitochondria are to be increased, levels of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) in the mitochondrial membrane may have to be reduced. For their effect on some key apoptosis markers, BAX and Bcl-2 the most active 8a, 8b, 10c, and 11b were assessed on human liver adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (HepG-2 cells) Table 2.
The effect on apoptotic induction of Caspase-3 was shown by 8a, 8b, 10c, and 11b
Results found that the pro-apoptotic protein BAX was increased by all tested compounds and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was reduced (Table 2). Compound 10c produced the best results, increasing the level of BAX by 11.24 folds while decreasing the level of Bcl-2 by 4.51 folds when compared to the control. Compounds 8a, 8b, 10c, and 11b on the other hand, increased BAX levels by 7.81–10.61folds while decreasing Bcl-2 levels by 2.62–3.708 folds.
The ratio of the two proteins is a much more important parameter. Thus, the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio for compound 10c was calculated to be 43.75 folds higher than the control, while the other tested compounds were found to be 21.83–35.69 folds higher, indicating that these compounds shifted the cells toward apoptosis.
Cell cycle analysis
The most promising two derivatives 8b, and 10c were selected and studied for cell cycle progression and apoptosis percentage produced by pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives based on the antiproliferative activity, BAX, and Bcl-2 gene expression obtained earlier. On HepG-2 cancer cells, cell cycle arrest was performed, and the results are shown in Table 3 and Figs. 3 and 4.
On the HepG-2 cell line, cell cycle analysis and apoptotic effect of 8b and 10c
Cell cycle analysis (A) Control HepG-2, (B) for compound 8b, (C) for compound 10c, by flow cytometry using the PI staining method
The investigated drugs caused PreG1 apoptosis and cell growth arrest in HepG-2 at the G2/M phase, as illustrated in Fig. 3 and Table 3. Dimethyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)7-amino-2-hydroxy-5-pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8b) and pyrimidine-2,7-diol(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile (10c) causes HepG-2 cells to aggregate by 39.58 and 41.29 percent at the G0-G1 stages, respectively, as well as a 26.29 and 26.64 percent rise in the G2/M phase percentage, compared to 17.68 percent in untreated cells.
Fused pyrazolo-pyrimidine hybrids 8b and 10c cause apoptosis and halt the cell cycle by approximately 73.36 and 73.71 percent, respectively, in the Pre-G1 and G2-M stages. Finally, our proposed derivatives with various substituents 8b, and 10c can be employed as inhibitors and trigger apoptosis in various stages.
Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay
Using the follow cytometry approach, double labeling Annexin V/propidium iodide was utilized to identify the mechanism of cell death and apoptosis-inducing effects [19]. Apoptosis is a regular and active process, whereas necrosis is an accidental and passive cell death. The data obtained after the pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivatives 8b and 10c were treated with 5 µM and incubated on HepG-2 cells for 24 h are displayed in Table 4 and Fig. 5.
The percentage of cell death caused by compounds 8b and 10c on HepG-2 cells is depicted in a schematic diagram
We detected an increase in the total percentage of apoptosis because the tested derivatives that exhibit total apoptosis ranged from 16.59% to 19.11% compared to 2.55% for standard HepG-2 cells. Moreover, the percentage in the early stage varies from 5.13, and 2.61% for 8b, and 10c respectively.
Finally, it can conclude that the effect of the most promising derivatives 8b, and 10c when treated with HepG-2 leads to an increase in the sensitivity to apoptosis by different percentages in different stages and therefore increase in total apoptosis percentage and these data support the higher values on antiproliferative against HepG-2 (< 5 µM).
EGFR inhibition assay
Because it is critical for several biological processes and malignancies genesis and progression, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation, and survival, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an appealing and clinically-validated therapeutic target in cancer therapy. EGFR can lead to dysregulation by two different mechanisms, one of which is high EGFR expression, leading to increased output for receiver signaling whereas the second mechanism involves ligand over-expression and increases EGFR signaling activity despite normal or low levels of receptor expression [63, 64]. In this study, we chose the most promising compounds 8b and 10c for EGFR enzymatic activity assays employing HepG-2 cancer cells to elucidate the mechanism of these potent compounds based on the results of the antiproliferative activity.
Results of the wide type EGFRWT on cancer cells HepG-2 were shown in Table 5 to be half the maximum IC50 (nM) inhibitory concentration. Pyrimidine-2,7-diol(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,-5-a]6-carbonitrile-pyrimidine (10c), the most powerful derivatives were displayed with IC50 equal 0.079 nM. Compound 8b, on the other hand, reduced the enzymatic activity of EGFRWT with an IC50 value of 0.098 nM.
Because of the significance of EGFR, which can also be identified by transducing the mitogenic signals as members of the membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinase family [54]. To evaluate the activity and selectivity of new compounds, we selected the most promising compounds for the additional in vitro EGFR L858R-TK that is expressed as IC50 (nM). In comparison with the positive control of lapatinib (IC50 = 38.60), compound 10c was the most potent inhibitory activity for EGFR L858R-TK in IC50 (36.79 nM). Derivatives 8b revealed the least IC50 = 40.157 nM with an inhibitor EGFR L858R-TK of lower activity than the positive control towards EGFRWT.
Our research was expanded to include the most promising two derivatives 8b, and 10c against the further kinase EGFRL858R/T790M double mutant with Lapatinib and Erlotinib as reference drugs, and they inhibited the enzymatic activity against EGFRL858R/T790M double mutant with IC50 values ranging from (0.299–0.301 nM) compared to Lapatinib and Erlotinib (0.188 and 0.209 nM) correspondingly.
In silico computational studies
In-silico ADME properties studies
Along with all the synthesized compounds, the standard reference medication, Imatinib, was submitted in silico physicochemical, pharmacokinetic/ADME, and drug-likeliness properties. Physicochemical metrics such as molar refractivity, atomic class count, and the number of rotatable connections, as well as lipophilicity and water solubility, have been reported. The TPSA is a good physiochemical vector for regulating drug transportation properties (Topological Polar Surface Area). The reporting equation (ABS = 109-(0.345 X TPSA) was used to try to predict the absorption rate of all test compounds [65].
As shown Table 6 lists these physicochemical features. The absorption rate varies between 61.84 percent and 83.08 percent among the compounds chosen. With a median of 74.62 percent and 83.08 percent of reference and manufactured pharmaceuticals, respectively, some compounds in water with a good molar refractiveness are moderately soluble and moderate to goodly absorbent.
Table 7 lists the pharmacokinetic and ADME properties of the compounds studied. Compounds 4a, 5, 8a, and 8b as well as Imatinib have demonstrated that they are easily absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) system and all compounds except Imatinib are not P-gp inhibitors (p-glycoprotein).
All of the chemicals examined, as well as Imatinib, were unable to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), so they have no CNS side effects. Furthermore, all of the Cytochrome P450 isomers examined are inhibited by Imatinib except CYP1A2. Many of the chemicals being studied block one of the other Cytochrome P450 isomers. The coefficient values for skin permeability (log Kp; with Kp in cm/s) of the evaluated substances were found to be minimal (Table 7).
Lipinski [62], Ghose [63], Veber [64], Egan [65], and Muegge [66] had to assess the molecule as a potential drug candidate due to the several regulations governing drug-likeness. Table 8 shows the number of infractions of the previously named regulations, as well as their bioavailability scores. The Lipinski (Pfizer) strain is the fashion setter for the rule-of-five (RO5) legislation, which states that all substances examined are identical to pharmaceuticals. According to the Ghose and Muegge law, all compounds follow the rule and are medication candidates, according to the forecasts. During the assessment process utilizing the Veber and Egan guidelines, most of the tested hybrids showed drug-like properties. All of the compounds studied had a bioavailability value of 0.55.
Molecular docking study
The ATP binding pocket of EGFR PDB (1M17) [24] was used to simulate molecular docking to explore various binding conformations and get deeper insights into the structure-activity relationship as well as comprehend the potency of the newly developed Pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives 8b, 10c. The co-crystalized ligand 4-anilinoquinazoline inhibitor (Erlotinib) was found to be deeply bounded inside the active site of the pocket through a self-docking process with a small RMSD = 1.41 and binding energy −10.622 Kcal/mol, through one hydrogen bond acceptor with Met769 with the nitrogen of quinazoline with bond length 3.24 °A, and two arene-H (PI-H) bonds of phenyl and pyrimidine ring with Leu694 with bond length 4.07 and 4.21 respectively (Fig. 6).
2D & 3D interaction maps of Erlotinib inside the 1M17 active site
Furthermore, Lapatinib as a co-crystallized ligand was re-docked into the active site of EGFR PDB (1M17) to validate the docking protocol giving an energy score of −9.685 kcal/mol with a root mean square deviation (RMDS) value equal to 2.02 Å (Fig. 7).
2D & 3D interaction maps of Lapatinib inside the 1M17 active site
Then, the newly synthesized compounds 8b, and 10c were docked into the ATP-active site of EGFR and the results were depicted in Figs. 8, 9 with energy scores of −10.606, and −10.405 kcal/mol, respectively.
2D & 3D interaction maps of 8b inside 1M17 active site
2D & 3D interaction maps of 10c inside 1M17 active site
As shown in Fig. 8, dimethyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8b) formed a hydrogen bond donor between the oxygen of the hydroxyl group at the pyrazole ring and the backbone of Met769 (distance: 2.95 Å). Moreover, the trifluoromethyl group shared fixation through the H-bonds acceptor between the fluoride atom and the side chain of Lys692 through bond length (3.37 °A). Additionally, the five-membered pyrazole scaffold improved fixation within the active site of EGFR through arene-hydrogen interaction with the key amino acid Leu694 (distance: 4.00 °A).
The adjacent amino and cyano fragments play an essential role in the fixation of 7-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile (10c) within EGFR through the formation of two H-bonding with the backbone of Met769; one is donor with the proton of NH2 group and the other is acceptor with the nitrogen of cyano group (distance: 3.09 and 3.19 Å, respectively). Moreover, the trifluoromethyl-phenyl assisted the binding via hydrogen bond donor between the carbon 2 of the phenyl ring with the sidechain of Cys773 (distance: 4.14 Å) (Fig. 9).
Conclusion
The anticancer activity of a group of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives 5–11 against the HepG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 cell lines was investigated. On liver cancer cells, the new hits had a stronger cytotoxic effect. Two compounds stood out as the most promising among the four effective derivatives (8a, 8b, 10c, and 11b), with IC50 values that are greater than those of imatinib (2.360.14 and 1.140.063 μM, respectively). These compounds were subjected to further investigation for their apoptotic effect as Caspase 3, BAX, and Bcl-2. The two most promising drugs, 8a and 10c, produced cell cycle arrest at the apoptotic-specific Pre-G1 and G2/M stages, respectively. With Lapatinib and Erlotinib serving as standards, the greatest activity compounds, 8a and 10c, were tested against the in vitro EGFR L858R-TK and EGFRL858R/T790M double mutant. ADMET as well as docking studies were performed with good results. For a deeper knowledge of the anticancer activity, research into pyrazoles and pyrazolopyrimidine rings containing azo and trifluoromethyl moieties would be extremely valuable.
Experimental sections
Chemistry
The melting points for the newly synthesized compounds were recorded using the LA 9000 SERIS Electrothermal Digital Melting Point Apparatus and were not adjusted. On a Nikolet IR 200 FT IR Spectrophotometer at the Pharmaceutical Analytical Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, and a Cary IR 630 FT IR Spectrophotometer at the Analytical Unit, Faculty of Science (boys), Al-Azhar University, IR Spectra were determined using the KBr disc technique. A Gemini Mercury 400 and 100 MHz NMR Spectrometer was used to determine the 1H and 13C NMR spectra at the Ministry of Defense’s Chemical Warfare Department’s Main Chemical Warfare Laboratories. Chemical shifts were evaluated in ppm relative to TMS as an internal standard (= 0 ppm), coupling constant J in Hz, and solvents were DMSO-d6 and CDCl3. At Al-Azhar University’s Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, mass spectra were acquired at 70 eV using a Schimadzu GC/ MS-QP5050A Spectrometer with the DI-50 unit. Al-Azhar University’s Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology conducted the microanalysis. Anticancer activity was tested in a local strain identified in the Regional Center for Genetic Engineering at Al-Azhar University’s Faculty of Science (Boys), with findings within ±0.4 percent of the calculated value. Apoptosis markers, and EGFR, both wide and mutant, were carried out in VACSERA, Cairo, Egypt.
Ethyl 2-cyano-2-(2-(3-trifluoromethyl)phenylhydrazono)acetate (3)
To an ice-cooled solution of m-trifluoromethylaniline 1 (1.61 g, 0.01 mol) in hydrochloric acid (2.5 mL) and distilled water (5 mL), a solution of sodium nitrite (0.69 g, 0.013 mol) in distilled water (5 mL) was added. The cold diazotized solution was then added portion-wise to a well-stirred cold solution of ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 mL, 0.0 1 mol), in 50% aqueous ethanol (10 mL) containing sodium acetate (0.9 g, 0.01 mol). The reaction mixture was kept on ice for 8 h. and then filtered and the obtained solid was dried and crystallized from ethanol.
Yield: 78% as yellow crystals; m.p.: 119-121 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3218 (NH), 3081 (CH-aromatic), 2986 (CH-aliphatic), 2219 (C≡N), 1741 (C=O), 1603 (C=N), 1564 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 1.26 (t, 3H, CH2CH3), 4.26 (q, 2H, CH2CH3), 7.47 (d, 1H, J = 9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.61 (t, 1H, Ar-H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J = 9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.76 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 12.38 (s,1H, NH exchangeable by D2O).
5-Amino-4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol (4a) and 5-amino-1-phenyl-4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol (4b)
A solution of 3 (2.85 g, 0.01 mol) and hydrazine hydrate or phenyl hydrazine (0.01 mol) in ethanol (30 mL) was heated under reflux for 8–12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid product was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
5-Amino-4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol (4a)
Yield 79% as bronze needles; m.p.: 211–213 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3403, 3326, 3128 (OH & NH2 & NH), 3040 (CH-aromatic), 1568 (N=N); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 5.92 (s, 2H, NH2 exchangeable by D2O), 7.40 (d, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.55 (t, 1H, J = 7.95 Hz, Ar-H), 7.78 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.96 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.53 (s, 1H, OH exchangeable by D2O), 12.89 (s, 1H, NH exchangeable by D2O); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 111.93, 150.31, 158.69 (3C-pyrazole), 119.54 (CF3), 120.39, 123.13, 125.40, 128.56, 130.20, 143.43 (Ar-C); MS (m/z): 271 (M.+, 65.55%), 145 (40.57%), 126 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C10H8F3N5O (271.20): C, 44.29; H, 2.97; N, 25.82; Found: C, 44.37; H, 2.98; N, 26.07%.
5-Amino-1-phenyl-4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol (4b)
Yield 75% as black crystals; m.p.: 192-194 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3431, 3298, 3173 (OH & NH2), 3060 (CH-aromatic), 1568 (N = N); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 6.55 (s, 2H, NH2 exchangeable by D2O), 7.13 (d, 1H, J = 6.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.38 (t, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.43 (d, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.45 (t, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.59 (t, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.61 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.90 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz, Ar-H), 12.92 (s, 1H, OH exchangeable by D2O); MS (m/z): 347 (M.+, 81.83%), 77 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C16H12F3N5O (347.29): C, 55.33; H, 3.48; N, 20.17; Found: C, 55.49; H, 3.56; N, 20.44%.
5,7-Dimethyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-ol (5)
Acetylacetone (1.00 mL, 0.01 mol) was added to a solution of 4a (2.71 g, 0.01 mol) in acetic acid (20 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid product was collected and crystallized from benzene.
Yield 77% as orange crystals; m.p.: 209-211 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3401 (OH), 3056 (CH-aromatic), 2850 (CH-aliphatic), 1635 (C=N), 1551 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 2.56, 2.60 (2 s, 6H, 2CH3), 7.23 (s, 1H, CH-pyrim.), 7.01 (s, 1H, OH; exchangeable by D2O), 7.65 (d, 1H, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.69 (t, 1H, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.00 (d, 1H, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.05 (s, 1H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 17.05, 24.47 (2CH3), 116.09 (CF3), 56.47, 147.46, 149.54 (3C-pyrazole), 114.11, 145.12, 162.67 (3C-pyrimidine), 123.12, 124.26, 125.83, 130.44, 130.76, 131.12 (Ar-C); MS (m/z): 335 (M.+, 23.65%), 190 (91.58%), 162 (59.16%), 40 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C15H12F3N5O (335.28): C, 53.73; H, 3.61; N, 20.89; Found: C, 54.01; H, 3.66; N, 21.13%.
5-Methyl-7-phenyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-ol (6)
Benzoyl acetone (1.62 mL, 0.01 mol) was added to a solution of 4a (2.71 g, 0.01 mol) in acetic acid (20 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid product was collected and crystallized from Ethanol/benzene mixture.
Yield: 79% as orange crystals; m.p.: 257-259 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3460 (br OH), 3060 (CH-aromatic), 2850 (CH-aliphatic), 1636 (C=N), 1536 (N=N), 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 2.65 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.44 (s, 1H, CH-pyrim.), 7.60-7.73 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 8.02 (d, 1H, J = 4.4 Hz, Ar-H), 8.05 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.08 (s, 1H, OH exchangeable by D2O); MS (m/z): 397 (M.+, 3.71%), 131 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C20H14F3N5O (397.35): C, 60.45; H, 3.55; N, 17.62; Found: C, 60.74; H, 3.52; N, 17.80%.
5-Methyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8a) and 5,6-Dimethyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8b)
A mixture of 4a (2.71 g, 0.01 mol), ethyl acetoacetate, or ethyl methyl acetoacetate (0.01 mol) in acetic acid was heated under reflux for 8 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid product was collected and crystallized from ethanol.
5-Methyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8a)
Yield: 67% as orange crystals; m.p.: 159-161 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3313, 3179 (br. 2OH), 3077 (CH-aromatic), 2850 (CH-aliphatic), 1566 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 2.37 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.94 (s, 1H, CH-pyrim.), 7.38–7.80 (m, 2H, Ar H), 8.03 (d, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 8.11 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.54, 12.85 (2 s, 2H, 2OH exchangeable by D2O); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 19.00 (CH3), 119.53 (CF3), 65.25, 150.30, 151.40 (3C-pyrazole), 110.00, 143.45, 160.00 (3C-pyrimidine), 120.00, 125.00, 125.54, 126.03, 130.32, 130.96 (Ar-C); MS (m/z): 337 (M.+, 4.39%), 40 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C14H10F3N5O2 (337.26): C, 49.86; H, 2.99; N, 20.77; Found: C, 50.08; H, 3.01; N, 21.04%.
5,6-Dimethyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2,7-diol (8b)
Yield: 64% as orange crystals; m.p.: 172-174 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3176 (br. OH), 3060 (CH-aromatic), 2840 (CH-aliphatic), 1566 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 2.00, 2.39 (2 s, 6H, 2CH3), 5.94 (s, 1H, OH exchangeable by D2O), 7.38 (d, 1H, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.56 (t, 1H, J = 12 Hz, Ar-H), 7.78 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 8.02 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.53 (s,1H, OH exchangeable by D2O); MS (m/z): 351 (M.+, 1.16%), 43 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C15H12F3N5O2 (351.28): C, 51.29; H, 3.44; N, 19.94; Found: C, 51.52; H, 3.49; N, 20.17%.
7-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-aryl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines-6-carbonitrile (10a-c)
To a suspension of compound 4a (2.71 g, 0.01 mol) and arylidene malononitriles (0.01 mol) in ethanol (30 mL), piperidine (0.5 mL) was added. The mixture was heated under reflux for 7 h and allowed to cool. The formed product was collected by filtration and crystallized from dioxane.
7-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-phenyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile (10a)
Yield: 68% as Brown crystals; m.p.: 289-291 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3388 (br. NH2 & OH), 3064 (CH-aromatic), 2217 (C≡N), 1632 (C=N), 1534 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 7.53-7.57 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J = 5.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.85 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.05 (t, 1H, J = 2.8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.16 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.91 (s, 3H, OH & NH2 exchangeable by D2O); MS (m/z): 423 (M.+, 16.03%), 40 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C20H12F3N7O (423.35): C, 56.74; H, 2.86; N, 23.16; Found: C, 57.01; H, 2.83; N, 23.41%.
7-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-p-tolyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyra-zolo[1,5-a]pyrimid-ine-6-carbonitrile (10b)
Yield: 77% as Brown crystals; m.p.: 299-301 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3336, 3125 (OH & NH2), 3050 (CH-aromatic), 2860 (CH-aliphatic), 2214 (C≡N), 1632 (C=N), 1539 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.95 (s, 2H, NH2 exchangeable by D2O), 7.33-7.96 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 8.04 (d, 1H, J = 4.4 Hz, Ar-H), 8.14 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.54 (s, 1H, OH exchangeable by D2O); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 21.46 (CH3), 116.23 (C≡N), 124.83 (CF3) 77.51, 117.28, 118.09, 123.14, 125.85, 129.16, 129.41, 130.32, 130.97, 134.52, 141.01, 144.90, 149.86, 152.12, 161.23, 162.48 (Ar-C); MS (m/z): 437 (M.+, 21.96%), 40 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C21H14F3N7O (437.38): C, 57.67; H, 3.23; N, 22.42; Found: C, 57.89; H, 3.30; N, 22.67%.
7-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile (10c)
Yield: 67% as Brown crystals; m.p.: 293-295 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3343 (br. OH & NH2), 3089 (CH-aromatic), 2860 (CH-aliphatic), 2212 (C≡N), 1610 (C=N), 1538 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 3.84 (s, 3H, OCH3), 7.10 (d, 3H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J = 5.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.88 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.05 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.15 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.80 (s, 3H, NH2 & OH exchangeable by D2O); MS (m/z): 453 (M.+, 17.30%), 308 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C21H14F3N7O2 (453.38): C, 55.63; H, 3.11; N, 21.63; Found: C, 55.89; H, 3.14; N, 21.88%.
Ethyl 7-amino-2-hydroxy-5-p-tolyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrim-idine-6-carboxylate (11a) and ethyl 7-amino-2-hydroxy-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-((3-(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (11b)
A mixture of compound 4a (2.71 g, 0.01 mol) and arylidenecyanoacetate (0.01 mol) in ethanol (30 mL) was treated with piperidine (0.5 mL). The mixture was heated under reflux for 10 h., and allowed to cool. The formed product was collected by filtration and crystallized from dioxane.
Ethyl 7-amino-2-hydroxy-5-p-tolyl-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-diazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyri-midine-6-carboxylate (11a)
Yield: 61% as red crystals; m.p.: 299-301 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3427, 3308 (OH & NH2), 3060 (CH-aromatic), 2989 (CH-aliphatic), 1680 (C=O), 1614 (C=N), 1534 (N=N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 0.89 (t, 3H, CH2CH3), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.00 (q, 2H, CH2CH3), 7.26 (d, 3H, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.39 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.67 (d, 2H, J = 9.6 Hz, Ar-H), 8.00 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 8.08 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.30 (s, 3H, NH2 & OH exchangeable by D2O); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 13.66 (CH2CH3), 21.38 (CH3), 56.46 (CH3), 124.66 (CF3), 166.18 (CO), 61.55, 147.41, 147.44 (3C-pyrazole), 116.76, 139.29, 162.09 (3C-pyrimidine), 118.89, 123.09, 123.80, 128.60, 128.95, 130.75, 131.09, 136.97, 137.44, 161.80 (Ar-C); MS (m/z): 484 (M.+, 54.24%), 143 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C23H19F3N6O3 (484.43): C, 57.02; H, 3.95; N, 17.35; Found: C, 57.13; H, 4.02; N, 17.59%.
Ethyl 7-amino-2-hydroxy-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)diazenyl)pyrazolo-[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (11b)
Yield: 69% as red crystals; m.p.: 222-224 °C; IR: ν/cm−1: 3409, 3310, 3189 (OH & NH2), 3040 (CH-aromatic), 2811 (CH-aliphatic), 1680 (C=O), 1610 (C=N), 1570 (N = N); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ/ppm: 1.26 (t, 3H, CH2CH3), 3.85 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.25 (q, 2H, CH2CH3), 5.92 (s, 2H, NH2 exchangeable by D2O), 7.01 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.38 (d, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.54 (t, 1H, J = 8 Hz Ar-H), 7.77 (d, 1H, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 8.05 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 8.29 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.52 (s,1H, OH exchangeable by D2O); MS (m/z): 500 (M.+, 1.96%), 92 (100.0%); Anal.Calcd for C23H19F3N6O4 (500.43): C, 55.20; H, 3.83; N, 16.79; Found: C, 55.41; H, 3.90; N, 16.98%.
Biological activities
Cell lines
The American Type Culture Collection provided hepatocellular (HepG-2), human colon (HCT-116), and breast (HepG-2) cancer cells (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). The cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 media with 10% inactivated fetal calf serum and 50 μg/mL gentamycin supplementation. The cells were kept at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified environment with 5% CO2.
In vitro Anti-tumor activity assessment using MTT assay
The MTT test was used in triplicate to assess the viability of control and treatment cells. Yellow MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole] was converted to purple formazan in the mitochondria of live cells in the MTT assay, a standard colorimetric assay (an assay that evaluates color changes) for evaluating cellular growth. To dissolve the insoluble purple formazan product into a colored solution, a solubilizing solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added. Three tumor cell lines were seeded at a density of 1104 cells/well in 96-well plates containing 100 μL of the growth media. Cells could adhere for 24 h until confluence, then washed with PBS before being treated with various concentrations of chemicals in a fresh maintenance medium ranging from 50 to 1.56 μg and incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees Celsius. In the absence of test substances, untreated cells were used as a control. As a negative control, cells that had not been treated were employed. Using a multichannel pipette, serial twofold dilutions of the tested compounds were applied to a 96-well tissue culture plate (Eppendorf, Germany). The culture supernatant was replaced with fresh media after treatment (24 h). The cells in each well were then treated for 4 h at 37 °C with 100 μL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL). The MTT solution was withdrawn once the incubation period was completed, and 100 μL of DMSO was added to each well. A microplate reader was used to measure the absorbance at 570 nm (SunRise TECAN, Inc, USA). The absorbance of untreated cells was assumed to be 100%. Three different experiments were used to determine the results [60, 67].
Data analysis
The percentage of cell viability was computed as [1(ODt/ODc)] 100 percent, where ODt represents the mean optical density of wells treated with the tested substance and ODc represents the mean optical density of untreated cells. The IC50 value, which is the concentration of an individual chemical that causes 50 percent cell death, was calculated from graphical plots of surviving cells vs compound concentrations.
Apoptosis detection studies
Determination of the active Caspase-3
With an active Quantikine-Human Caspase-3 Immunoassay, the manufacturer’s technique estimated the active level of Caspase-3 (R&D Systems, Inc. Minneapolis, USA). The cells were collected and lysed after being washed in PBS and added to the protease inhibitor extraction buffer (1 mL per 1 × 107 cells).
Before the test, the lysate was diluted immediately. Finally, the optical density of each well was calculated in 30 min using a microplate reader set to 450 nm [68].
Determination of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway proteins BAX and Bcl-2
The compounds were stimulated for the BAX or Bcl-2 test, and the cell extraction buffer was lysed. Cells were extracted from the American Culture Set, cultured in RPMI 1640 with 10% fetal serum from bovine animals at 37 °C, and the compounds were stimulated for the BAX or Bcl-2 test. In Regular Diluent Buffer, this lysate was diluted across the test range and analyzed for human active BAX or Bcl-2 content. (Cells are plated at a density of 1.2–1.8 10,000 cells per well in a volume of 100 µL complete growth medium + 100 uL of the tested chemical per well in a 96-well plate for 24 hours before being measured for human active BAX or Bcl-2) [68].
Cell cycle analysis
HepG-2 cancer cells were planted into a 6-well plate at a concentration of 1 × 105 cells per well and incubated for 24 h. For 24 h, cells were treated with either a vehicle (0.1 percent DMSO) or compound 8b. After that, cells were collected and fixed for 12 h in ice-cold 70% ethanol at 4 °C. Ethanol and cold PBS are removed from the cells and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C in 0.5 mL PBS containing 1 mg/mL Rnase. For around 30 min, the cells were stained with propidium iodide in the dark. The flow cytometer was then used to determine the DNA content.
Annexin V-FITC assay
The cancer cells of HepG-2 were plated in a 6-well plate, incubated for 24 h, and then treated for another 24 h with either a vehicle (0.1 percent DMSO) or the tested compounds. Harvesting cells, washing them with PBS, and spraying them in the dark with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) were all done in the binding buffer (10 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCl, and 2.5 mM CaCl2 at pH 7.4). After that, the flow cytometer was examined [68].
EGFR assay
The inhibitory activity of the most promising chemicals on HepG-2 cells was tested using the same instructions and the protocol producer’s documented approach against EGFRwt and EGFR L858R-TK [24].
In silico physicochemical and ADME properties prediction
The molecular structures were translated to SMILES using Chemdraw 19.0. SMILS were subsequently added to the Swiss ADME website for physicochemical characteristics, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetics, ADME parameters, and medicinal chemistry friendliness measurement [69,70,71].
Molecular docking
The computational program and docking method were performed as described in previous work [72, 73] utilizing Molecular Operating Environment software 14.0901 (MOE), Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The enzyme (1M17) was taken from the protein data bank, the water molecule was removed, all hydrogen atoms were added, then the enzyme was polished, and the energy was minimized using MOE. The Erlotinib was redocked into the EGFR binding site using the MOE software default option to ensure the protein was ready for docking. The target hybrids were created in chem draw, then transferred to MOE, where it was protonated in three dimensions, hidden hydrogen rendered, and energy minimized before being saved as a mdb for docking into the active site. The docking procedure was then carried out using the default protocol.
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Fayed, E.A., Gohar, N.A., Bayoumi, A.H. et al. Novel fluorinated pyrazole-based heterocycles scaffold: cytotoxicity, in silico studies and molecular modelling targeting double mutant EGFR L858R/T790M as antiproliferative and apoptotic agents. Med Chem Res 32, 369–388 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-022-03004-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-022-03004-8