Abstract
Traces of past landslides were found on the seabed of Palabuhanratu Bay, West Java. This landslide is thought to have generated a tsunami, but has never been investigated before. This bay is located around the western part of the Cimandiri Fault which is an active horizontal fault with a length of 100 km. Therefore, it is necessary to study the potential impact of a tsunami in the Palabuhanratu Bay area caused by a combination of local earthquakes and underwater landslides around the bay. Evidence of past landslides was revealed through side-scan sonar data from the underwater research vessel Baruna Jaya IV in Palabuhanratu Bay, Indonesia, in 2020. The data from this survey provides evidence of debris flows (historical landslide data) at the survey site. We simulated 29 tsunami scenarios from combined landslide earthquake sources by solving shallow water nonlinear equations numerically. Tsunami sources from earthquakes are classified into three types, e.g., land faults, sea faults, and combinations of land and sea faults. While the source of the tsunami from the landslide is divided by volume. Combination of the earthquake magnitudes range from M6.80 to M7.85, and the landslide volume ranged from 3.06 × 105 m3 to 2.5 × 108 m3. This study concludes that in our scenario, the M8.12 type T7 earthquake generates the largest tsunami in the study area, followed by the T6L5 scenario with M7.85 from the Cimandiri Fault and landslide with a total volume of 2.5 × 108 m3.
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Data Availability
Historical earthquake data was taken from BMKG (http://repogempa.bmkg.go.id/) and USGS http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/). BIG, provides topography and bathymetry data for free (https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/demnas/#/ and http://batnas.big.go.id/), and combined with Landsat-Google Earth data imagery Pro provides a clear display of resolution. Then, BPPT, an underwater survey research vessel Baruna Jaya IV, in Palabuhanratu Bay, Indonesia, 2020, will provide side-scan sonar data to interpret the sea below the surface. Meanwhile, we are using Global-Mapper ver.18.1, Surfer ver. 10, QGIS 3.18.2. to process data. Meanwhile, The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) provides information on damage data, and the number of victims of the earthquake and tsunami disaster (https://bnpb.go.id/).
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Acknowledgements
All authors highly appreciate and express their gratitude to the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) for providing lessons on tsunami modeling. Many thanks to the Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) for providing the topography and bathymetry data. Thank you also to the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) for the side-scan sonar data from the Baruna Jaya IV-BPPT submarine survey, Indonesia, in Palabuhanratu Bay, in 2020. Thus we convey a valuable contribution in all research data and processes from start to finish end of the research.
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WS, ARG, MH compiled, conceptualized, designed manuscripts, collected and analyzed data. TK, SA, and MM, analysis tools and processed the data. MN, PSP, SH, NRH, SHN, EHS, TA, and FF contributed materials and reviewed the manuscript. PS, MR, and AAM conducted data collection (resources). AT and IT examined the results. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
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Setyonegoro, W., Gusman, A.R., Hanif, M. et al. Typical of Tsunami Hazard Potential from Earthquake and Landslide Sources in Palabuhanratu Bay, Indonesia. Pure Appl. Geophys. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03483-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03483-3