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The Effects of Magnetic Susceptibility on Controlled-Source Audio-Frequency Magnetotellurics

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Abstract

Controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT) is an important geophysical tool which has been widely used in many areas, such as mineral surveys and groundwater and geothermal exploration. Numerous studies have shown that resistivity anisotropy has a significant influence on CSAMT responses, while another important physical parameter—magnetic susceptibility—is often neglected. In fact, for items such as magnetic minerals, steel pipes and concrete reinforcing bars, the magnetic susceptibility is often non-negligible. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no three-dimensional (3D) CSAMT studies that have taken both resistivity anisotropy and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy into consideration. Therefore, we present a 3D CSAMT forward modeling algorithm which is capable of handling 3D resistivity and susceptibility anisotropic anomalies using the finite element method. In the far-field zone, this algorithm shows highly accurate results by comparison with the analytical and numerical solutions of MT. Then, the responses of four different models are studied. The results show that for magnetic anomalies with low resistivity contrast, the consideration of magnetic susceptibility is essential, as high susceptibility may seriously distort or even invert its responses.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Dr. Kerry Key for his 1D CSEM modeling code (Dipole1D).

Funding

This work is co-funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42104078) and the Open Research Fund from State Key Laboratory of High performance Computing of China (HPCL) (Grant No. 202101-01).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science and Technology On Parallel and Distributed Processing Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China

    Xiao Tiaojie & Yang Bo

  2. School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Huang Xiangyu

  3. School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China

    Cheng Lianzheng

  4. College of Mathematics and Information Science, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005, China

    Song Tao

  5. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10029, China

    Wang Guangjie

  6. School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geoscience, Beijing, 10083, China

    Wang Yun

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  1. Xiao Tiaojie
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Appendix A: The Electromagnetic Fields of Model 4.1

Appendix A: The Electromagnetic Fields of Model 4.1

See Figs. 24, 25, 26 and 27.

Fig. 24
figure 24

For Model 4.1, the electric fields \({E}_{x}\) and the magnetic fields \({H}_{y}\) of source \({T}_{b}\) along x = 0 m with different magnetic susceptibilities (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1). The first row corresponds to the electric field amplitudes and the second row corresponds to the magnetic field amplitudes. The first to fifth columns correspond to frequencies of 500 Hz, 100 Hz, 20 Hz, 10 Hz and 1 Hz. The four curves with different colors (red, black, blue and green, respectively) correspond to magnetic susceptibilities of 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1

Full size image
Fig. 25
figure 25

For Model 4.1, the electric fields \({E}_{y}\) and the magnetic fields \({H}_{x}\) of source \({T}_{a}\) along x = 0 m with different magnetic susceptibilities (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1). The first row corresponds to the electric field amplitudes and the second row corresponds to the magnetic field amplitudes. The first to fifth columns correspond to frequencies of 500 Hz, 100 Hz, 20 Hz, 10 Hz and 1 Hz. The four curves with different colors (red, black, blue and green, respectively) correspond to magnetic susceptibilities of 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1

Full size image
Fig. 26
figure 26

For Model 4.1, the electric fields \({E}_{x}\) and the magnetic fields \({H}_{y}\) of source \({T}_{a}\) along x = 0 m with different magnetic susceptibilities (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1). The first row corresponds to the electric field amplitudes and the second row corresponds to the magnetic field amplitudes. The first to fifth columns correspond to frequencies of 500 Hz, 100 Hz, 20 Hz, 10 Hz and 1 Hz. The four curves with different colors (red, black, blue and green, respectively) correspond to magnetic susceptibilities of 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1

Full size image
Fig. 27
figure 27

For Model 4.1, the yx-mode apparent resistivities along x = 0 m for three frequencies (500 Hz, 100 Hz and 20 Hz) which can be seen as plane waves. The left to right correspond to frequencies of 500 Hz, 100 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively. The four curves with different colors (red, black, blue and green, respectively) correspond to magnetic susceptibilities of 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1

Full size image

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Tiaojie, X., Xiangyu, H., Lianzheng, C. et al. The Effects of Magnetic Susceptibility on Controlled-Source Audio-Frequency Magnetotellurics. Pure Appl. Geophys. 179, 2327–2349 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-03050-8

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