Abstract
Strong oceanic convection plays a crucial role in the variability of the global climate. In this study, we investigate extreme convection in the Lofoten Basin (LB) of the Norwegian Sea using Argo profiles. Mixed layer depth (MLD) is the main metric characterizing convection intensity. MLD exceeds 1000 m in March–April and December 2010 in the Lofoten Basin Eddy (LBE), whereas the mean MLD is about 200 m and seldom exceeds 400 m in the basin. We connect the extreme convection events with water volume formed at mid-depth of the central LB, between 1000 m depth and the isosteric surface s07. Analytical assessments of final mixing depth demonstrate perfect correspondence to measured values of MLD, indicating variations in the buoyancy flux and stratification as the main reasons for MLD variability in the basin. This variability is easily explained as a result of heat release to the atmosphere over the basin. Atmospheric conditions during extreme convection events are described. Northerly winds are as common as dominating southwesterly winds during the months with extreme convective events. We analyze 32 cases of extreme convective events with MLD exceeding 350 m and reveal that composite maps of sea level pressure (SLP) and surface heat flux match well with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)−/East Atlantic Pattern (EAP)− pattern of atmospheric variability in the Northern Atlantic, with the negative NAO pattern prevailing in the climate during winter–spring. The heat release is the major trigger of extreme convection. We establish the stronger heat release associated with the extreme convection events in the LB.
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Acknowledgements
The research was funded by Saint Petersburg State University, project no. 75295423. A.M. Fedorov acknowledges support from the Research Council of Norway INPART-ARCONOR project (RCN #261743) led by the Nansen Center. This study has been supported by an institutional grant from the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre (NERSC), Bergen, Norway.
Funding
Saint Petersburg State University, project no. 75295423; Research Council of Norway, INPART-ARCONOR project (RCN #261743); Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre.
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24_2021_2749_MOESM1_ESM.tif
Supplementary file 1: Fig. 12, winter average spatial distributions of SLP (gPa, top) and heat flux (J/m2, bottom) (TIF 32731 KB)
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Supplementary file 2: Fig. 13, SLP patterns of combination of SCAN and NAO (see title to detect the phase) (TIF 36782 KB)
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Supplementary file 3: Fig. 14, SLP patterns of combination of EAP and NAO (see title to detect the phase) (TIF 36518 KB)
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Fedorov, A.M., Raj, R.P., Belonenko, T.V. et al. Extreme Convective Events in the Lofoten Basin. Pure Appl. Geophys. 178, 2379–2391 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02749-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02749-4